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This book concisely expounds the fundamental concepts, phenomena, theories and procedures in a complete and systematic sense. In this book, not only almost all the important achievements from predecessors but also the contributions from the author himself have been summed up profoundly. Starting from the derivation of fundamental equations, various classical acoustical phenomena such as reflection, refraction, scattering diffraction and absorption in atmosphere, as well as the influences of gravitation and rotation of the earth on the behaviors of different atmospheric waves including acoustic waves, have been discussed in viewpoints of wave acoustics and geometrical acoustics respectively. The recent developments of several computation methods in the field of atmospheric acoustics have been introduced in some detail. As for the application aspects, atmospheric remote sensing has been discussed from the angle of inverse problems.

Sound-waves. --- Sound --- Atmosphere. --- Atmospheric waves. --- Atmospheric physics. --- Transmission.

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Gas tungsten arc welding. --- Manned Mars missions. --- Mars atmosphere. --- Mars environment. --- Portable equipment.

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Dynamics and Statistics of the Climate System provides a unique forum for the interdisciplinary field of quantitative climate research. The journal encourages the interaction between physicists, statisticians, mathematicians, computer scientists, and earth scientists in the development of new models and methods applied to the analysis of the climate system.

Climatology --- Weather --- Climatologie --- Temps (Météorologie) --- Periodicals. --- Mathematical models --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Modèles mathématiques --- Atmospheric physics --- Convection (Meteorology) --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction --- Dynamic meteorology --- Meteorology --- Dynamic climatology --- Air-sea interaction --- Air-sea interactions --- Atmosphere-ocean interaction --- Atmosphere-ocean interactions --- Atmospheric-oceanic interactions --- Interaction of atmosphere and ocean --- Interactions of atmosphere and ocean --- Ocean-meteorological relations --- Oceanic-atmospheric interactions --- Sea-air interaction --- Sea-air interactions --- Marine meteorology --- Oceanography --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Atmospheric circulation --- Heat --- Convection --- Physical oceanography

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The book describes different approaches to the analysis of heat and dynamic processes in the ocean-atmospheric interface with satellite passive radiometric observations at microwaves. It examines the feasibility of determining synoptic, seasonal and year-to-year variations of sensible, latent and momentum fluxes to a useful accuracy using the DMSP SSM/I and EOS Aqua AMSR-E data directly from the measured brightness temperatures. An important object in the studies is the North Atlantic with emphasize on the areas with high midlatitude cyclon activity: here the main results have been obtained by combining data from the vessel experiments NEWFOUEX-88, ATLANTEX-90 and the data of microwave radiometers from the DMSP and EOS Aqua satellites. The role of vertical turbulent and horizontal advective heat transfer in forming interrelations between the brightness temperature of the system ocean-atmosphere and surface heat fluxes in the range of synoptic time scales is analyzed. Special sections of the book describe some results of analysis of reaction of the system ocean-atmosphere on passing of the tropical cyclone Katrina (August 2005) in the Florida Strait as well as a behavior of the system in the period of a time preceding to origination the cyclone Humberto (September 2007) in the Mexico Gulf. The long-term goal of this research is the search for effects and regularities, which can explain the reasons for the tropical cyclones appearance. Some characteristics of the tropical cyclones (brightness temperature and heat contrasts, etc.) are compared with those for midlatitude cyclones. At the same time as covering a key topic area with implications for global warming research, this text is also usefull to students who want to gain insight into application of satellite microwave radiometric methods for studying the air-sea interaction. Key themes: microwave radiometry, air-sea interaction, midlatitude and tropical cyclones, atmosphere boundary layer, heat and momentum surface fluxes.

Atmosfærefysikk --- Atmosfærisk stråling --- Strålingstransport --- Oseanografi --- Meteorologi --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Atmosfæren --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction --- Radar meteorology. --- Radiometers --- Atmosphere --- Oceanography --- Climatic changes --- Observations --- Remote sensing. --- Research. --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Radiometer --- Air-sea interaction --- Air-sea interactions --- Atmosphere-ocean interaction --- Atmosphere-ocean interactions --- Atmospheric-oceanic interactions --- Interaction of atmosphere and ocean --- Interactions of atmosphere and ocean --- Ocean-meteorological relations --- Oceanic-atmospheric interactions --- Sea-air interaction --- Sea-air interactions --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Meteorology --- Meteorological instruments --- Radiation --- Radar --- Marine meteorology --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Measurement --- Instruments --- Atmospheric science --- Oceanography. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Meteorology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Aerology --- Atmospheric sciences

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This book examines the meteorological phenomenon known as Western Disturbances (WDs) and traces their influence on the Indian subcontinent. It fully details the unique characteristics and dynamics of these disturbances, which produce large-scale instabilities in the atmosphere over northern India due to the orographic influence of the Himalayas. The authors first present a definition of the phenomenon and then go on to detail their structure and migration. Topics include dynamics, energetics and thermodynamics; modelling studies; land-use and land-cover interactions; and WDs in the changing climate. In addition, coverage outlines how WDs interact with and influence other weather systems throughout the four seasons of Indian climate: winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon. It places special emphasis on wintertime dynamics since WDs significantly contribute to the precipitation in India during this time. The authors explain why this period should be termed "Indian winter monsoon" and differentiate it from the northeast monsoon which so far is the prevalent term used in the region's meteorological parlance. Complete with detailed illustrations and case studies, this monograph will help researchers and students gain a fundamental understanding of these important storms. This knowledge is essential not only for short–term and seasonal hydrometeorological forecasting but also for the assessment of regional climate change and its impacts.

Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology --- Aerology --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Atmospheric science --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Meteorology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences