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Desert tortoise --- Endangered species. --- Wildlife recovery. --- Habitat conservation. --- Desert tortoise.

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Water is usually referred to as the ‘Molecule of Life’. It constitutes the most abundant molecule in living (micro)organisms and is also essential for critical biochemical reactions, both for the global functioning and maintenance of Ecosystems (e.g., Photosynthesis) and individual (microbial) cells (e.g., ATP hydrolysis). However, most of Earth’s terrestrial environments present deficiencies in bioavailable water. Arid environments cover around a third of the land’s surface, are found on the six continents and, with the anthropogenic desertification phenomenon, will increase. Commonly defined by having a ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET) below 1, arid environments, being either hot or cold, are characterized by scant and erratic plant growth and low densities in macro-fauna. Consequently, these ecosystems are microbially mediated with microbial communities particularly driving the essential Na and C biogeochemical cycles. Due to the relatively simple trophic structure of these biomes, arid terrestrial environments have subsequently been used as ideal ecosystems to capture and model interactions in edaphic microbial communities. To date, we have been able to demonstrate that edaphic microorganisms (i.e., Fungi, Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses) in arid environments are abundant, highly diverse, different from those of other terrestrial systems (both in terms of diversity and function), and are important for the stability and productivity of these ecosystems. Moreover, arid terrestrial systems are generally considered Mars-like environments. Thus, they have been the favored destination for astro(micro)biologists aiming to better understand life’s potential distribution and adaptation strategies in the Universe and develop terraforming approaches. Altogether, these points demonstrate the importance of significantly improving our knowledge in the microbial community composition (particularly for Fungi, Archaea and Viruses), assembly processes and functional potentials of arid terrestrial systems, as well as their adaptation mechanisms to aridity (and generally to various other environmental stresses). This Research Topic was proposed to provide further insights on the microbial ecology of hot and cold arid edaphic systems. We provide a detailed review and nine research articles, spanning hot and cold deserts, edaphic, rhizospheric, BSC and endolithic environments as well as culture-dependent and -independant approaches.

xeric stress --- Arid environment --- desert --- Nitrogen --- environmental gradients

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Water is usually referred to as the ‘Molecule of Life’. It constitutes the most abundant molecule in living (micro)organisms and is also essential for critical biochemical reactions, both for the global functioning and maintenance of Ecosystems (e.g., Photosynthesis) and individual (microbial) cells (e.g., ATP hydrolysis). However, most of Earth’s terrestrial environments present deficiencies in bioavailable water. Arid environments cover around a third of the land’s surface, are found on the six continents and, with the anthropogenic desertification phenomenon, will increase. Commonly defined by having a ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET) below 1, arid environments, being either hot or cold, are characterized by scant and erratic plant growth and low densities in macro-fauna. Consequently, these ecosystems are microbially mediated with microbial communities particularly driving the essential Na and C biogeochemical cycles. Due to the relatively simple trophic structure of these biomes, arid terrestrial environments have subsequently been used as ideal ecosystems to capture and model interactions in edaphic microbial communities. To date, we have been able to demonstrate that edaphic microorganisms (i.e., Fungi, Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses) in arid environments are abundant, highly diverse, different from those of other terrestrial systems (both in terms of diversity and function), and are important for the stability and productivity of these ecosystems. Moreover, arid terrestrial systems are generally considered Mars-like environments. Thus, they have been the favored destination for astro(micro)biologists aiming to better understand life’s potential distribution and adaptation strategies in the Universe and develop terraforming approaches. Altogether, these points demonstrate the importance of significantly improving our knowledge in the microbial community composition (particularly for Fungi, Archaea and Viruses), assembly processes and functional potentials of arid terrestrial systems, as well as their adaptation mechanisms to aridity (and generally to various other environmental stresses). This Research Topic was proposed to provide further insights on the microbial ecology of hot and cold arid edaphic systems. We provide a detailed review and nine research articles, spanning hot and cold deserts, edaphic, rhizospheric, BSC and endolithic environments as well as culture-dependent and -independant approaches.

xeric stress --- Arid environment --- desert --- Nitrogen --- environmental gradients

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Climatic changes --- Desert animals --- Reptiles --- Birds --- Birds. --- Climatic changes. --- Reptiles. --- Climatic factors --- Habitat --- West United States.

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Die Pachomianer-Regeln sind uns vollständig nur auf Latein in der Übersetzung des Hieronymus überliefert. Nachdem H. Bacht schon vor längerer Zeit den lateinischen Text in deutscher Übersetzung publiziert hatte, werden sie hier estmals auch unter Berücksichtigung der koptischen Regelteile auf Deutsch veröffentlicht und eingehend analysiert. Dabei werden auch die Forschungsgeschichte und die Wirkungsgeschichte ausführlich dargestellt. Das Regelganze ist zu Recht mit Pachoms Namen verbunden, es ist seine originale Schöpfung und inspiriert von seinem Geist. Aber es verdankt sich nicht einem bewussten literarisch-schriftstellerischen Prozess. Die Regeln sind aus dem praktischen täglichen Leben hervorgegangen, und sie sind auch nur in Rahmen einer lebendigen Autoritätsstruktur sinnvoll. Sie sind noch ganz in die Kultur der Mündlichkeit eingebettet, in der sie ihre Interpretation und ihre Anwendung fanden. Ob Pachom die Regeln persönlich geschrieben hat, ob er sie diktiert oder ob ein Bruder die mündlich erlassenen Regeln später aufgeschrieben hat, ist nicht mehr zu entscheiden. Deutlich ist aber, dass das Regelmaterial nach Stil und Inhalt auf die eine oder andere Weise auf ihn selbst zurückzuführen ist. Zur 'Gesetzgebung' wurden die Regeln erst durch den Rückgriff der Nachfolger Pachoms, die ihre Mitbrüder beständig auf die 'Anordnungen' und 'Gebote' des Ordensgründers verpflichteten. Diese Ordnungen lebten zwar immer noch von der Autorität des 'Vaters', der sie erlassen hatte, der aber nicht mehr als lebendes Beispiel unter ihnen war, sondern nur noch posthum beschworen werden konnte. Dadurch erst bekamen seine Regeln gewissermaßen einen kanonischen Rang.

Desert Fathers --- Pères du désert --- Woestijnvaders --- Monasticism and religious orders --- Christian literature, Early --- Monastic and religious life --- Christian literature, Early. --- Monasticism and religious orders. --- Rules. --- History and criticism. --- History --- Early church. --- Pachomius, --- 30-600 --- Academic collection --- 276 =932 PACHOMIUS --- Koptische patrologie. Koptische christelijke literatuur--PACHOMIUS --- Desert Fathers. --- Coptic monasticism and religious orders --- History. --- 30-600. --- Pachomius Tebennensis abbas Aegyptius eremita sanctus --- Rules --- Christian literature [Early ] --- History and criticism --- Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600 A.D. --- Pachomius ab. in Thebaide --- Regula