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Fuel switching --- Alternate fuel --- Alternative fuel --- Fuel interchangeability --- Fuel substitution --- Interchangeability of fuels --- Substitution of fuels --- Switching of fuels --- Substitute products --- Armed Forces --- Government policy --- United States --- Fuel. --- Supplies and stores --- Energy transition --- Alternative fuels

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What is the welfare effect of a price change? This simple question is one of the most relevant and controversial questions in microeconomic theory and its different answers can lead to severe heterogeneity in empirical results. This paper returns to this question with the objective of providing a general framework for the use of theoretical contributions in empirical works, with a particular focus on poor people and poor countries. Welfare measures (such as Equivalent Variation or Consumer's Surplus) and computational methods (such as Taylor's approximations or the Vartia method) are compared to test how these choices result in different welfare measurement under different price shock scenarios. As a rule of thumb and irrespective of parameter choices, welfare measures converge to approximately the same result for price changes below 10 percent. Above this threshold, these measures start to diverge significantly. Budget shares play an important role in explaining such divergence, whereas the choice of demand system has a minor role. Under standard utility assumptions, the Laspeyers and Paasche variations are always the outer bounds of welfare estimates and consumer surplus is always the median estimate. The paper also introduces a new simple welfare approximation, clarifies the relation between Taylor's approximations and the income and substitution effects, and provides an example for treating nonlinear pricing. Stata codes for all computations are provided in annex.

Access to Markets --- Agriculture --- Choice --- Consumer Demand --- Consumer Preferences --- Consumer Surplus --- Consumers --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Data --- Demand --- Demand Curves --- Demand Function --- Developing Countries --- Distribution --- E-Business --- Econometrics --- Economic Research --- Economic Theory & Research --- Economics Literature --- Elasticity --- Electricity --- Emerging Markets --- Engel Curve --- Equity --- Exchange --- Expenditure --- Food Price --- Free Market --- Government Revenues --- Income --- Income Effects --- Index Numbers --- Information --- Interest --- International Economics & Trade --- Lorenz Curve --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Prices --- Markets & Market Access --- Money --- Nominal Income --- Normal Good --- Open Access --- Outputs --- Particular Country --- PC --- Price --- Price Adjustments --- Price Change --- Price Decreases --- Price Elasticity --- Price Increases --- Price Schedule --- Price Structure --- Price Variation --- Price_Index --- Pricing --- Private Sector Development --- Product --- Productivity --- Real Income --- Reliability --- Results --- Sales --- Savings --- Subsidies --- Substitute --- Substitute Goods --- Substitution --- Surplus --- Tax --- Tax Systems --- Transactions --- Utility --- Utility Function --- Utility Maximization --- Value --- Variables --- Wages --- Web --- Welfare --- Welfare Economics

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The textile and fashion industries produce millions of tons of solid waste every year through the many processes used--from yarn production, weaving, knitting, dyeing and finishing, to apparel construction, quality inspection and unsold goods--generating waste at each step. Typically, this waste is sent to landfills, incinerated or, at best, recycled into low-quality fibers used for industrial applications. 'Scraps', published for Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum's exhibition of the same name, presents three designers' alternative approaches to the shockingly high human and environmental costs of textile industry waste. Christina Kim, founder of Los Angeles-based brand Dosa; Reiko Sudo, cofounder of Tokyo textile firm Nuno; and Luisa Cevese, founder of Milan-based accessories and home goods company Riedizioni, all share a profound respect for scraps as repositories of raw materials, energy, labor and creativity. Inspired by the long tradition of using handcraft to give new life to scraps and castoffs, each takes an entirely different approach to contending with textile waste, but all agree that there is much to be gained--aesthetically and financially, as well as environmentally and socially--by making recycling an integral part of their design practice. The delicate beauty of the fabrics featured here ensures a seductive visual experience, framing the exploration of sustainable design practices: using materials and resources efficiently, providing meaningful labor, sustaining local craft traditions and exploring new technologies as integral to the recycling process. Each copy of the book is bound in its own unique discarded Indian woodblock-printed textile with foil stamping. Exhibition: Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, New York, USA (23.09.2016-02.05.2017).

Fashion design --- Sustainable design --- Waste products --- 746.01 --- By-products --- Industrial wastes --- Products, Waste --- Trades-waste --- Utilization of waste --- Waste materials --- Manufacturing processes --- Factory and trade waste --- Recycling (Waste, etc.) --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Scrap materials --- Substitute products --- Waste spills --- Green design --- Design --- Clothing and dress --- Clothing design --- Dress design --- Environmental aspects --- Recycling --- Textielkunst ; theorie, filosofie, esthetica --- Kim, Christina, --- Sudo, Reiko, --- Cevese, Luisa --- Exhibitions --- Textielkunst ; hergebruik van restanten textiel ; textielafval

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"What is the role of the material world in shaping the tensions and paradoxes of imperial sovereignty? Scholars have long shed light on the complex processes of conquest, extraction, and colonialism under imperial rule. But imperialism has usually been cast as an exclusively human drama, one in which the world of matter does not play an active role. Lori Khatchadourian argues instead that things--from everyday objects to monumental buildings--profoundly shape social and political life under empire. Out of the archaeology of ancient Persia and the South Caucasus, Imperial Matter advances powerful new analytical approaches to the study of imperialism writ large and should be read by scholars working on empire across the humanities and social sciences."--Provided by publisher.

Imperialism --- Sovereignty --- Archaeology and history --- Architecture and state --- Architecture and society --- Commercial products --- Social aspects --- Imperialism and architecture --- Commodities --- Economic goods --- Merchandise --- Products, Commercial --- Architecture --- Architecture and sociology --- Society and architecture --- Sociology and architecture --- Architecture and imperialism --- Historical archaeology --- History and archaeology --- State sovereignty (International relations) --- Colonialism --- Empires --- Expansion (United States politics) --- Neocolonialism --- Law and legislation --- Sovereignty. --- Architecture and state. --- Political Theory of the State --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Social aspects. --- Commodity exchanges --- Manufactures --- Substitute products --- History --- International law --- Political science --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- International relations --- Self-determination, National --- Contracting out --- Human factors --- Anti-imperialist movements --- Caesarism --- Chauvinism and jingoism --- Militarism --- State and architecture --- Architecture and society. --- empire --- sovereignty --- imperialism --- south caucasus --- ancient persia --- Achaemenid Empire --- Anno Domini --- Tsaghkahovit --- Urartu