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Sur la base de nombreuses sources, l'auteur s'intéresse aux caractéristiques juridiques liées aux crimes de masse commis au Rwanda, depuis 1860. Il remarque que chaque changement de gouvernement a été suivi ou précédé par des vagues d'extermination depuis deux siècles. ©Electre 2016

Crimes against humanity --- Massacres --- Massacres --- Crimes contre l'humanité --- Massacres --- Massacres --- History --- History --- Histoire --- Histoire --- Rwanda --- Rwanda --- Rwanda --- Rwanda --- Politics and government --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Politique et gouvernement

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Al termine del secondo conflitto mondiale, l'individuazione degli autori dei gravi crimini commessi durante l'occupazione tedesca in Italia contro le popolazioni civili rimase circoscritta a pochi casi eclatanti: gli Alleati abbandonarono il progetto di punire i massimi responsabili delle forze armate tedesche in Italia, e gli italiani, a parte poche condanne (Kappler per le Fosse Ardeatine, Reder per Marzabotto e altri eccidi), ben presto posero fine a quella stagione processuale. Una nuova se ne aprì invece dopo la scoperta, nel 1994, di quello che una felice intuizione giornalistica definì l'"armadio della vergogna": in realtà una stanza di Palazzo Cesi, a Roma, sede della Procura generale militare, in cui erano conservati centinaia di fascicoli giudiziari sui crimini di guerra commessi sulla popolazione italiana tra il 1943 e il 1945, illegalmente archiviati dal procuratore generale militare nel 1960. Ragion di Stato, protezione dei criminali di guerra italiani, culture militari poco sensibili alla difesa dei civili in guerra, e attente a proteggere in ogni caso l'immunità dei combattenti in divisa: queste alcune delle cause di una giustizia limitata, tardiva e quindi negata.

War crime trials --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Massacres --- War crimes --- Atrocities --- History --- History

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World War --- 1914-1918 --- Atrocities --- Personal narratives --- Armenia --- Armenian massacres --- 1915-1923

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Immigrants --- Italians --- Massacres --- Strikes and lockouts --- Charcoal industry --- Charcoal burners --- Italian Americans --- History

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"The Armenian Genocide and the Nazi Holocaust are often thought to be separated by a large distance in time and space. But Stefan Ihrig shows that they were much more connected than previously thought. Bismarck and then Wilhelm II staked their foreign policy on close relations with a stable Ottoman Empire. To the extent that the Armenians were restless under Ottoman rule, they were a problem for Germany too. From the 1890s onward Germany became accustomed to excusing violence against Armenians, even accepting it as a foreign policy necessity. For many Germans, the Armenians represented an explicitly racial problem and despite the Armenians' Christianity, Germans portrayed them as the 'Jews of the Orient.' As Stefan Ihrig reveals in this first comprehensive study of the subject, many Germans before World War I sympathized with the Ottomans' longstanding repression of the Armenians and would go on to defend vigorously the Turks' wartime program of extermination. After the war, in what Ihrig terms the 'great genocide debate,' German nationalists first denied and then justified genocide in sweeping terms. The Nazis too came to see genocide as justifiable: in their version of history, the Armenian Genocide had made possible the astonishing rise of the New Turkey. Ihrig is careful to note that this connection does not imply the Armenian Genocide somehow caused the Holocaust, nor does it make Germans any less culpable. But no history of the twentieth century should ignore the deep, direct, and disturbing connections between these two crimes. As Stefan Ihrig shows in this first comprehensive study, many Germans sympathized with the Ottomans' longstanding repression of the Armenians and with the Turks' program of extermination during World War I."

Armenian massacres, 1915-1923 --- Armenian massacres, 1894-1896 --- Armenian massacres, 1909 --- Armenians --- Genocide --- Racism --- Nazis --- Foreign public opinion, German --- Public opinion --- History --- Political aspects --- Philosophy --- Attitudes --- Germany --- Turkey --- Foreign relations --- Armenian Genocide, 1915-1923 --- National socialists --- Fascists --- Socialists --- National socialism --- Neo-Nazis --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- Prejudices --- Anti-racism --- Critical race theory --- Race relations --- Cleansing, Ethnic --- Ethnic cleansing --- Ethnic purification --- Ethnocide --- Purification, Ethnic --- Crime --- Ethnology --- Indo-Europeans --- Armenian question --- World War, 1914-1918 --- Foreign public opinion, German. --- History. --- Atrocities --- Armenian massacres, 1915-1923 - Foreign public opinion, German --- Armenian massacres, 1894-1896 - Foreign public opinion, German --- Armenian massacres, 1909 - Foreign public opinion, German --- Armenians - Public opinion - History --- Genocide - Political aspects - Germany - History --- Genocide - Germany - Philosophy - History --- Racism - Germany - Philosophy - History --- Nazis - Attitudes - History --- Germany - Foreign relations - Turkey --- Turkey - Foreign relations - Germany