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In this thesis, applications of aminoacylation ribozymes named flexizymes are described. Flexizymes have the following unique characteristics: (i) substrate RNA is recognized by two consecutive base pairs between the 3'-end of substrate RNA and the 3'-end of the flexizyme; (ii) these base pairs can be substituted with other base pairs; and (iii) various activated amino acids can be used as substrates including both canonical and noncanonical amino acids. This flexible aminoacylation of RNAs by flexizymes was used to label endogenous tRNAs to be removed, and in vitro selection using the tRNA-depleted library enabled the discovery of the novel interaction between the microRNA precursor and metabolites. Flexizymes are also used to prepare various aminoacyl-tRNAs bearing mutations at the 3'-end to engineer the translation machinery and to develop the orthogonal translation machinery. The first part of the research demonstrated that SELEX is appropriate for discovering the interaction between small RNA and ligands, and suggested that more RNA motif binding to small molecules exists in small RNAs. The second part opened a door to new opportunities for in vitro synthetic biology involving the engineering of the genetic codes and translation machineries. This research also indicated the great potential of aminoacylation by flexizymes to be applied in various fields of RNA research, which is beneficial for RNA researchers.

Chemical thermodynamics --- Organic chemistry --- Genetics --- Enzymology --- Molecular biology --- Biotechnology --- katalyse --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- nucleïnezuren --- thermodynamica --- organische chemie --- biotechnologie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- moleculaire biologie --- enzymen --- aminozuren

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For several years, researchers have been reporting the effects of microwave radiation/heating on both the structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins. For the most part, favourable accelerated biological functions are observed as microwave induced heating occurs, but other not-so favourable effects are also observed, such as denaturation, fragmentation and the so called and ill-explained, non-thermal microwave effects. This volume, the first of its kind, brings researchers together from around the world to discuss their current findings and thinking on the effects of Microwaves on Biological systems, particularly DNA, RNA and proteins, in the form of contributed edited chapters.

Chemical structure --- Organic chemistry --- Genetics --- General biochemistry --- Molecular biology --- General biophysics --- Human biochemistry --- Human medicine --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- nucleïnezuren --- medische biochemie --- biofysica --- organische chemie --- protein-engineering --- biochemie --- geneeskunde --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- eiwitten --- moleculaire biologie

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This book highlights selected current data and its relevance in the human health care system, offering a fundamental primer on genetics and human health. With the advent of new high-throughput technologies (for the whole genome including exome sequencing), the conventional focus on genetics and individual genes is now shifting toward the analysis of complex genes, gene-gene interactions and the association between genes and environment, including epigenetics. The rapidly changing scientific research landscape, with the ever-growing influx of data on one hand and emergence of newer and more complicated diseases on the other, has created a dilemma for researchers and caregivers, who are still hopeful that advances in genetics and genomics will provide avenues for the understanding, prevention and possible cure of human diseases. The book focuses on the interactions between genes and proteins at both the transcriptome and proteome levels, which in turn affect the human genome and health. Additionally, it covers the domain that must be explored in order to understand the gene-gene and protein-protein interactions that contribute to human health. The book offers a valuable guide for all students and researchers working in the area of molecular genetics and genomics.

Organic chemistry --- Genetics --- Molecular biology --- Human biochemistry --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- Human genetics --- Human medicine --- Biotechnology --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- nucleïnezuren --- medische biochemie --- organische chemie --- medische genetica --- proteomics --- genomics --- biomedische wetenschappen --- geneeskunde --- genetica --- oncologie --- biotechnologie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- moleculaire biologie

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This volume offers a careful selection of trend-setting topics in the field. In-depth review articles illustrate current trends in the field.  Experienced experts present a comprehensive overview concerning the electrochemical biosensing of glucose for diabetes care from an industrial research and development perspective a survey of bioassay applications for individually addressable electrochemical arrays, focusing on liquid-phase bioanalytical assays a review of recent advances in the development of electronic tongues based on the use of biosensor arrays coupled with advanced chemometric data analysis novel strategies of DNA biosensor development  and corresponding applications for studies of DNA damage a survey of recent trends in the electrochemistry of redox proteins, including the increasing diversity of redox proteins used in electrochemical studies, novel immobilization strategies, and biosensor / biofuel cell applications an overview of electrochemical sensing of blood gases with advanced sensor concepts a survey of recent bioelectroanalytical studies with high spatial resolution using scanning electrochemical microscopy with a  wide range of applications covering imaging of living cells, studies of metabolic activity, imaging of local enzyme activity, and studies of transport through biolayers This timely collection will be of interest not only for experts in the field, but also to students and their teachers in disciplines that include analytical chemistry, biology, electrochemistry, and various interdisciplinary research areas.

Electrochemistry --- Chemical structure --- Analytical chemistry --- Organic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Genetics --- Analytical biochemistry --- General biochemistry --- Molecular biology --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- nucleïnezuren --- biobrandstoffen --- organische chemie --- protein-engineering --- biosensoren --- analytische chemie --- biochemie --- chemie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- eiwitten --- moleculaire biologie --- elektrochemie --- enzymen --- optica

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This book focuses on the regulation of transcription and translation in Archaea and arising insights into the evolution of RNA processing pathways. From synthesis to degradation and the implications of gene expression, it presents the current state of knowledge on archaeal RNA biology in 13 chapters. Topics covered include the modification and maturation of RNAs, the function of small non-coding RNAs and the CRISPR-Cas defense system. While Archaea have long been considered exotic microbial extremophiles, they are now increasingly being recognized as important model microorganisms for the study of molecular mechanisms conserved across the three domains of life, and with regard to the relevance of similarities and differences to eukaryotes and bacteria. This unique book offers a valuable resource for all readers interested in the regulation of gene expression in Archaea and RNA metabolism in general.

Chemical structure --- Organic chemistry --- Genetics --- General microbiology --- Enzymology --- General biochemistry --- Molecular biology --- RNA (ribonucleic acid) --- nucleïnezuren --- organische chemie --- protein-engineering --- CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9) --- biochemie --- microbiologie --- biotechnologie --- genetische manipulatie --- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) --- eiwitten --- moleculaire biologie --- enzymen