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Eruptions of religious intolerance are often described as spontaneous and visceral. This work, however, argues that most major episodes of religious offense are purposefully manufactured by political entrepreneurs.

Hate speech --- Political persecution. --- Freedom of speech. --- Offenses against religion --- Political repression --- Repression, Political --- Persecution --- Civil rights --- Criminal law --- Religious law and legislation --- Crimes against religion --- Offenses, Religious --- Religious crimes --- Religious offenses --- Crime --- Religion --- Free speech --- Freedom of speech --- Liberty of speech --- Speech, Freedom of --- Freedom of expression --- Assembly, Right of --- Freedom of information --- Intellectual freedom --- Law and legislation --- Political aspects. --- Law and legislation.

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The general councils of the fifteenth century constituted a remarkable political experiment, which used collective decision-making to tackle important problems facing the church. Such problems had hitherto received rigid top-down management from Rome. However, at Constance and Basle, they were debated by delegates of different ranks from across Europe and resolved through majority voting. Fusing the history of political thought with the study of institutional practices, this innovative study relates the procedural innovations of the general councils and their anti-heretical activities to wider trends in corporate politics, intellectual culture and pastoral reform. Alexander Russell argues that the acceptance of collective decision-making at the councils was predicated upon the prevalence of group participation and deliberation in small-scale corporate culture. Conciliarism and Heresy in Fifteenth-Century England offers a fundamental reassessment of England's relationship with the general councils, revealing how political thought, heresy, and collective politics were connected.

Conciliar theory --- Heresy --- 260.322.3 --- Heresies --- Offenses against religion --- Apostasy --- Conciliarism --- 260.322.3 Concilies: leergezag. Conciliarisme --- Concilies: leergezag. Conciliarisme --- Catholic Church --- Political activity --- Government. --- Church of Rome --- Roman Catholic Church --- Katholische Kirche --- Katolyt︠s︡ʹka t︠s︡erkva --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Römische Kirche --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Eglise catholique --- Eglise catholique-romaine --- Katolicheskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Chiesa cattolica --- Iglesia Católica --- Kościół Katolicki --- Katolicki Kościół --- Kościół Rzymskokatolicki --- Nihon Katorikku Kyōkai --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Gereja Katolik --- Kenesiyah ha-Ḳatolit --- Kanisa Katoliki --- כנסיה הקתולית --- כנסייה הקתולית --- 가톨릭교 --- 천주교 --- Conciliar theory.