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Predestination --- Trinity --- Church --- Holy Spirit --- Theology, Doctrinal --- Jesus Christ. --- Congar, Yves,

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Heresy and Dissent in the Carolingian Empire' recounts the history of an exceptional ninth-century religious outlaw, Gottschalk of Orbais. Frankish Christianity required obedience to ecclesiastical superiors, voluntary participation in reform, and the belief that salvation was possible for all baptized believers. Yet Gottschalk-a mere priest-developed a controversial, Augustinian-based theology of predestination, claiming that only divine election through grace enabled eternal life. Gottschalk preached to Christians within the Frankish empire-including bishops-and non-Christians beyond its borders, scandalously demanding they confess his doctrine or be revealed as wicked reprobates. Even after his condemnations for heresy in the late 840s, Gottschalk continued his activities from prison thanks to monks who smuggled his pamphlets to a subterranean community of supporters. This study reconstructs the career of the Carolingian Empire's foremost religious dissenter in order to imagine that empire from the perspective of someone who worked to subvert its most fundamental beliefs.0Examining the surviving evidence (including his own writings), Matthew Gillis analyzes Gottschalk's literary and spiritual self-representations, his modes of argument, his prophetic claims to martyrdom and miraculous powers, and his shocking defiance to bishops as strategies for influencing contemporaries in changing political circumstances. In the larger history of medieval heresy and dissent, Gottschalk's case reveals how the Carolingian Empire preserved order within the church through coercive reform. The hierarchy compelled Christians to accept correction of perceived sins and errors, while punishing as sources of spiritual corruption those rare dissenters who resisted its authority.

Predestination --- Christian heresies --- Religion and politics --- Prédestination --- Hérésies chrétiennes --- Religion et politique --- History of doctrines --- History --- Histoire des doctrines --- Histoire --- Gottschalk, --- Europe --- 27 "07/08" --- 27 "07/08" Histoire de l'Eglise--?"07/08" --- 27 "07/08" Kerkgeschiedenis--?"07/08" --- Histoire de l'Eglise--?"07/08" --- Kerkgeschiedenis--?"07/08" --- Prédestination --- Hérésies chrétiennes

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A major new account of the most intensely creative years of Luther's career The Making of Martin Luther takes a provocative look at the intellectual emergence of one of the most original and influential minds of the sixteenth century. Richard Rex traces how, in a concentrated burst of creative energy in the few years surrounding his excommunication by Pope Leo X in 1521, this lecturer at an obscure German university developed a startling new interpretation of the Christian faith that brought to an end the dominance of the Catholic Church in Europe. Luther's personal psychology and cultural context played their parts in the whirlwind of change he unleashed. But for the man himself, it was always about the ideas, the truth, and the Gospel. Focusing on the most intensely important years of Luther's career, Rex teases out the threads of his often paradoxical and counterintuitive ideas from the tangled thickets of his writings, explaining their significance, their interconnections, and the astonishing appeal they so rapidly developed. Yet Rex also sets these ideas firmly in the context of Luther's personal life, the cultural landscape that shaped him, and the traditions of medieval Catholic thought from which his ideas burst forth. Lucidly argued and elegantly written, The Making of Martin Luther is a splendid work of intellectual history that renders Luther's earthshaking yet sometimes challenging ideas accessible to a new generation of readers.

Reformation. --- Lutheran Church --- Protestant Reformation --- Reformation --- Church history --- Counter-Reformation --- Protestantism --- Clergy --- History --- Luther, Martin, --- Luther, Maarten --- Lutherus, Martinus --- Lutero, Martin --- Luther, Martin --- Luter, Martinos, --- Lutr, Martin, --- Лютер, Мартін, --- Li︠u︡ter, Martin, --- Luter, Marcin, --- Luther, Maarten, --- Lutero, Martín, --- Luther, Martinus, --- Luther, Márton, --- Luther, Martti, --- Luther, Martí, --- Lutʻŏ, --- Lūtœ̄, Mātīn, --- D. M. L. A., --- Luters, Mārtiņš, --- Luter, Marṭin, --- Luther, Marczin, --- Rutā, Marutin, --- Joerg, Junker, --- לוטהער, מארטין --- לוטהער, מארטין, --- לותר --- 路德马丁, --- Luttar Cāstiriyār, --- Cāstiriyār, Luttar, --- ルター マルティン, --- Лютэр, Марцін, --- Li︠u︡tėr, Martsin, --- Лутер, Мартин, --- Liuteris, Martynas, --- Lutawm, Matees, --- Lu-toe, Ma-ti, --- Lotera, Martin, --- Lusā, Mātaṅʻ, --- Lūthœ̄, Mātin, --- Luta, Martin, --- Lute̳e̳r, Martẽ, --- Lūthar, Mārṭin, --- Adelmann. --- Allusion. --- Anabaptists. --- Antichrist. --- Antinomianism. --- Augustine of Hippo. --- Bible. --- Biblical literalism. --- Blasphemy. --- Calvinism. --- Canon law. --- Catholic Church. --- Catholic theology. --- Catholicism. --- Censure. --- Certainty. --- Christ. --- Christendom. --- Christian theology. --- Christian. --- Christianity. --- Clergy. --- Concupiscence. --- Conscience. --- Council of Constance. --- Disputation. --- Divine grace. --- Doctrine. --- Dominican Order. --- Ecclesiology. --- Ecumenical council. --- Epistle. --- Erfurt. --- Excommunication. --- Exegesis. --- Exsurge Domine. --- Figure of speech. --- Franciscans. --- Friar. --- God. --- Heresy. --- Hussites. --- Indulgence. --- Invisible church. --- Jan Hus. --- Johann von Staupitz. --- John Chrysostom. --- Justification (theology). --- Law and Gospel. --- Lecture. --- Lutheranism. --- Martin Bucer. --- Martin Luther. --- Martyr. --- Monasticism. --- New Testament. --- Ninety-five Theses. --- Old Testament. --- Orthodoxy. --- Pamphlet. --- Papal bull. --- Papal primacy. --- Papist. --- Paul the Apostle. --- Pelagianism. --- Penance. --- Philip Melanchthon. --- Piety. --- Polemic. --- Pope. --- Preacher. --- Predestination. --- Preface (liturgy). --- Printing. --- Protestantism. --- Psalms. --- Purgatory. --- Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. --- Religion. --- Religious order. --- Religious text. --- Rhetoric. --- Righteousness. --- Roman Curia. --- Sacrament. --- Satan. --- Scholasticism. --- Sermon. --- Sola fide. --- Sola scriptura. --- Theology. --- Thomas Aquinas. --- Thomism. --- Transubstantiation. --- Treatise. --- Ulrich von Hutten. --- Votive Mass. --- Wickedness. --- Worship. --- Writing.