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Saharan trade has been much debated in modern times, but the main focus of interest remains the medieval and early modern periods, for which more abundant written sources survive. The pre-Islamic origins of Trans-Saharan trade have been hotly contested over the years, mainly due to a lack of evidence. Many of the key commodities of trade are largely invisible archaeologically, being either of high value like gold and ivory, or organic like slaves and textiles or consumable commodities like salt. However, new research on the Libyan people known as the Garamantes and on their trading partners in the Sudan and Mediterranean Africa requires us to revise our views substantially. In this volume experts re-assess the evidence for a range of goods, including beads, textiles, metalwork and glass, and use it to paint a much more dynamic picture, demonstrating that the pre-Islamic Sahara was a more connected region than previously thought.

Commerce --- Trade routes --- Commercial routes --- Foreign trade routes --- Ocean routes --- Routes of trade --- Sea lines of communication --- Sea routes --- History --- History. --- Africa, North --- Barbary States --- Maghreb --- Maghrib --- North Africa

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Ferries --- Ferry routes --- Gosport Ferry Limited.

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Amber --- Amber art objects --- Trade routes --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- History --- Europe --- Antiquities

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This book spans maritime history, covering major seafaring peoples and nations; famous explorers, travelers, and commanders; events, battles, and wars; key technologies, including famous ships; important processes and ongoing events, such as piracy and the slave trade.

Discoveries in geography --- Voyages and travels --- Ocean travel --- History. --- Commerce --- Trade routes --- Navigation

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Cet ouvrage dédié aux voies de circulation expose l'ensemble des connaissances en lien avec la conception des ouvrages de génie civil destinés à assurer la circulation des personnes et des marchandises. Les savoirs essentiels sont décrits en détail, et complétés des approches et des technologies les plus récentes. Le contenu couvre l'ensemble des étapes du cycle de vie d'une voie de circulation, depuis la phase de planification, de conception et de dimensionnement, jusqu'aux étapes de réalisation, d'exploitation et d'entretien. Ce traité s'attache essentiellement aux infrastructures routières, mais il aborde également le cas des infrastructures ferroviaires et aéroportuaires. Il s'appuie sur des connaissances générales et des notions internationalement reconnues, et propose également un éclairage particulier sur le contexte suisse à l'aide des normes en vigueur de l'association suisse des professionnels de la route et des transports (VSS). Une référence solide et durable pour les étudiants en génie civil, ainsi que pour tous les professionnels et praticiens actifs dans le domaine des voies de circulation. [Éditeur]

Roads --- Routes --- Génie civil. --- Chemins de fer. --- Routes. --- Infrastructures ferroviaires. --- Voies ferrées. --- Civil engineering --- Railroads --- Railroad tracks --- Génie civil --- Chemins de fer --- Infrastructures ferroviaires --- Voies ferrées --- Buildings and structures --- Génie civil --- Voies ferrées