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Urban ecology (Sociology)

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When celebrated landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted despaired in 1870 that the "restraining and confining conditions" of the city compelled its inhabitants to "look closely upon others without sympathy," he was expressing what many in the United States had already been saying about the nascent urbanization that would continue to transform the nation's landscape: that the modern city dramatically changes the way individuals interact with and feel toward one another. An antiurbanist discourse would pervade American culture for years to come, echoing Olmsted's skeptical view of the emotional value of urban relationships. But as more and more people moved to the nation's cities, urbanists began to confront this pessimism about the ability of city dwellers to connect with one another. The Sociable City investigates the history of how American society has conceived of urban relationships and considers how these ideas have shaped the cities in which we live. As the city's physical and social landscapes evolved over the course of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, urban intellectuals developed new vocabularies, narratives, and representational forms to express the social and emotional value of a wide variety of interactions among city dwellers.Turning to source materials often overlooked by scholars of urban life-including memoirs, plays, novels, literary journalism, and museum exhibits-Jamin Creed Rowan unearths an expansive body of work dedicated to exploring and advocating the social configurations made possible by the city. His study aims to better understand why we have built and governed cities in the ways we have, and to imagine an urban future that will effectively preserve and facilitate the interpersonal associations and social networks that city dwellers need to live manageable, equitable, and fulfilling lives.

City planning --- Urban ecology (Sociology) --- Social aspects --- History

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Urban climate change is a crossroads in two very different senses. One is historical. With the world now more than half urban, and given the ecological consequences of the world's high-consumption urban centers, we are at an ecological crossroad. We either head off the worst of ecological collapse through concerted and forward-looking action, or we face a 'Mad Max future' of dystopia, violence, and upheaval. The second crossroad is intellectual. Our individual disciplines are unable to grasp the magnitude of the economic-ecological challenges ahead. For that we need to work holistically, calling on the knowledge of climatologists, engineers, sociologists, economists, public health specialist, designers, architects, community organizers, and more. The intellectual crossroad is nothing less than a new intellectual field of Sustainable Development. Based on a major international forum held in Rome in 2008, this volume brings together leading climate change experts to engage with the climate change discourse as it shifts from mitigation to adaptation, with particular attention to the urban environment. In doing so, it provides important insights into how to deal with the first crossroad, by achieving the second. It represents a new generation of thinking involving not only science, but the broad array of fields that must be called upon to effectively address the global climate crisis: from ecological science to political science; from economics to philosophy to architecture; and from public health to public art. It is a pioneering effort to broaden the discursive field, and is likely to remain a landmark study on the subject for a generation.

Urban climatology. --- Climatic changes. --- Urban heat island. --- Urban ecology (Sociology)

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L'heure est au verdissement des villes : toits et murs végétalisés, jardins de trottoir, partagés, thérapeutiques, etc. La ville se découvre-t-elle végétale ? En proposant une histoire sur la place de la nature en milieu urbain, cet ouvrage de synthèse dévoile au contraire les entrelacements continus quoique fluctuants des pavés et des plantes. Il ne s'agit pas seulement de s'intéresser aux jardins et aux parcs, mais aussi à toutes ces plantes "hors-sol" qui circulent dans l'espace de la ville - déchets végétaux, fruits et légumes des marchés, fleurs coupées, etc. A travers ces diverses formes du végétal on aborde la ville sous un autre jour, en remontant le fil de ses racines naturelles. On comprend ainsi pourquoi on a accepté, parfois encouragé, la présence d'une certaine nature en milieu urbain, quels acteurs ont permis qu'elle s'implante et fleurisse, à quels défis aussi il a fallu répondre pour y parvenir. Mais surtout, en examinant la nature végétale de la ville au croisement d'une histoire sociale, économique, culturelle, politique, les espaces verts et les végétaux apparaissent comme des instruments d'urbanité ou d'ensauvagement, des objets de commerce, de spectacle, d'études scientifiques, de bien-être ou de bien vivre. Des jardins de l'aristocratie du Grand Siècle au marché des Halles parisiennes, des parcs du Second Empire aux jardins botaniques, c'est toute une histoire nouvelle qui se dévoile et éclaire notre temps à la lumière du temps long.

Urban ecology (Sociology) --- Urban gardens --- Gardens --- Écologie urbaine --- Jardins urbains --- Jardins --- History. --- Histoire

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Gentrification --- Sustainable urban development. --- Urban ecology (Sociology). --- Environmenta justice. --- Environmental aspects.