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In many discussions of ancient philosophy, teleology is acknowledged as an important theme. How do we act for a particular end or purpose? One common answer describes humans as acting with the intention of achieving a goal. A person selects particular actions with the thought that these actions will lead to that goal. Andrew Payne accepts that this is one good answer to our question but proposes that it is not the only one. In Plato's Republic, Socrates appeals to a different understanding of how humans act for the sake of ends as they live together in political communities and pursue knowledge. As they carry out activities that are necessary for human flourishing, their actions can produce unintended results that signal the full completion of human capacities. For example, performing the actions of a just individual can help promote the establishment of a just society as an unintended result. Such unintended results qualify as ends or purposes of human action. This volume fully explores this functional teleology of action in Plato's Republic.
Teleology. --- Action theory. --- Plato. --- Republic (Plato) --- Act (Philosophy). --- PHILOSOPHY / Epistemology. --- Republic (Plato).
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Frontier: the border between two countries; the limits of civilization; the bounds of established knowledge; a new field of activity. At a time when all borders, boundaries, margins, and limits are being—often violently—challenged, erased, or reinforced, we must rethink the concept of frontier itself. But is there even such a concept? Through an original and imaginative reading of Kant, Geoffrey Bennington casts doubt upon the conceptual coherence of borders.The frontier is the very element of Kant’s thought yet the permanent frustration of his conceptuality. Bennington brings out the frontier’s complex, abyssal, fractal structure that leaves a residue of violence in every frontier and complicates Kant’s most rational arguments in the direction of cosmopolitanism and perpetual peace.Neither a critique of Kant nor a return to Kant, this book proposes a new reflection on philosophical reading, for which thinking the frontier is both essential and a recurrent, fruitful, interruption.
Boundaries --- Philosophy. --- Kant, Immanuel, --- Political and social views. --- Kant. --- frontier. --- perpetual peace. --- rationalism. --- teleology.
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Le mot « cause » est fréquemment employé dans des publications scientifiques, parfois sans conscience claire de ce qu’il implique. Ce terme a une histoire philosophique au cours de laquelle sa signification et son usage dans les sciences ont été tantôt défendus, tantôt critiqués. D’une part la recherche de causes naturelles est bien constitutive du projet scientifique, d’autre part le terme de cause peut facilement véhiculer des conceptions naïves de la relation entre causes et effets, dont les conséquences peuvent être de retarder ou de mal orienter la recherche de facteurs de causalité. Les sciences biologiques et médicales sont riches d’exemples de ce type. Plusieurs questions peuvent être posées. Quelle est l’utilisation présente de la causalité dans les sciences biologiques et médicales ? Quelles sont les difficultés particulières liées à l’établissement des relations de causalité ? Comment ces difficultés peuvent-elles être surmontées ? L’identification de conditions causales permet-elle de prédire la succession de phénomènes physiologiques ? Est-il souhaitable de conserver le langage causaliste pour décrire des situations où règne le multifactoriel ? Comment mieux décrire ces situations par d’autres langages, et est-ce toujours possible ? Les textes réunis dans cet ouvrage sont pour la plupart issus du colloque « Faut-il connaître les causes pour comprendre et intervenir ? Questions sur la causalité dans les sciences biologiques et médicales », organisé le 31 mai 2016 par l’Académie des sciences, sur l’initiative de sa section de biologie humaine et sciences médicales.
Causation. --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology
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The ancient origins of teleological concepts are sometimes either conveniently forgotten or given a distorted appearance. On the one hand, ancient teleology has been obscured by the theological cloak of creationism. On the other, Darwinists have sometimes failed to give due consideration to the variety and subtlety of teleology's intellectual antecedents. The purpose of this book is to restore the balance by looking at the manifold ways in which teleology in antiquity was viewed. The volume, consisting of twelve essays by leading authorities in their fields, examines the ways in which teleological arguments were used in antiquity and how these discussions inform and influence current debates on evolution, creationism and intelligent design. As well as examining philosophical contributions to the subject, a specific aim is to examine ancient medical thinking on this topic and its relationship to ancient philosophical ideas.
Teleology --- Medicine --- Health Workforce --- Design in natural phenomena, Study of --- Final cause --- Philosophy --- Causation --- Evolution --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- History.
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Ein textnaher, fortlaufender Kommentar zu Kants Lehre von organisierten Wesen in der „Kritik der Urteilskraft“ ist ein Desiderat sowohl der Kantforschung als auch der Philosophie und Geschichte der Lebenswissenschaften. Auch gibt es bisher nur wenige Lesarten, die Kants Philosophie der Biologie im Ganzen erschließen und versuchen, sie in die vielschichtigen historischen Kontexte der frühneuzeitlichen Naturforschung einzuordnen. Das vorliegende Buch schließt diese Lücken. Es verteidigt die Thesen, dass Kant organisierte Wesen durch drei Arten von Kräften und Gesetzen charakterisiert – durch mechanische, physisch teleologische und moralteleologische Krätfe und Gesetze – deren Vereinbarkeit im Bewusstsein des Menschen, und in der Erfahrungswelt, so, wie sie dem Menschen erscheint, auf der regulativen Idee ihrer Einheit im schöpferischen, theoretisch praktischen Bewusstsein Gottes beruht. Kants Lehre von organisierten Wesen kann als Verbindung einer gemäßigten, weder animalkulistisch noch ovistisch vereinseitigten, Präformationslehre mit einer vitalistischen Spielart der Epigenesislehre verstanden werden. – Weiterführende und provokative Einsichten für eine der bewegtesten Debatten der gegenwärtigen Kantforschung.
Biology --- Philosophy of science --- Kant, Immanuel --- Life sciences --- Philosophy, Modern --- Teleology --- Philosophy --- Kant, Immanuel, --- Life sciences - Philosophy --- Biology - Philosophy --- Kant, Immanuel, - 1724-1804
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Causal reasoning is one of our most central cognitive competencies, enabling us to adapt to our world. Causal knowledge allows us to predict future events, or diagnose the causes of observed facts. We plan actions and solve problems using knowledge about cause-effect relations. Although causal reasoning is a component of most of our cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning offers a state-of-the-art review of the growing field, and its contribution to the world of cognitive science. The Handbook begins with an introduction of competing theories of causal learning and reasoning. In the next section, it presents research about basic cognitive functions involved in causal cognition, such as perception, categorization, argumentation, decision-making, and induction. The following section examines research on domains that embody causal relations, including intuitive physics, legal and moral reasoning, psychopathology, language, social cognition, and the roles of space and time.0The final section presents research from neighboring fields that study developmental, phylogenetic, and cultural differences in causal cognition. The chapters, each written by renowned researchers in their field, fill in the gaps of many cognitive psychology textbooks, emphasizing the crucial role of causal structures in our everyday lives. This Handbook is an essential read for students and researchers of the cognitive sciences, including cognitive, developmental, social, comparative, and cross-cultural psychology; philosophy; methodology; statistics; artificial intelligence; and machine learning.
Reasoning (Psychology) --- Causation. --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Thought and thinking --- E-books --- Reasoning (Psychology). --- Causation --- Logic
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Teleology --- Medicine --- History --- Philosophy --- Finalité --- Médecine --- Histoire --- Philosophie --- Ancient history --- History of philosophy --- History of human medicine --- Philosophy of nature --- History. --- Histoire. --- Finalité --- Médecine
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Rethinks cinematic journeys through history, globalisation, form and genre.
God --- Reason. --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Contingency (Philosophy) --- Philosophy --- Causation --- Chance --- Fate and fatalism --- Ontology --- Teleology --- Truth --- Mind --- Intellect --- Rationalism --- Ontological argument --- Proof, Ontological.
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Universals (Philosophy) --- Teleology. --- Design in natural phenomena, Study of --- Final cause --- Philosophy --- Causation --- Evolution --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Universals (Logic) --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Logic --- Scholasticism --- Whole and parts (Philosophy)
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