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Public officers --- Presidents --- Protection --- United States. --- History.
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'Gender and Representation in Latin America' makes, for the first time, a comprehensive comparison of gender and representation across the region and at five different levels: the presidency, cabinets, national legislatures, political parties, and subnational governments. Drawing on the expertise of scholars of women, gender, and political institutions, this text is the most comprehensive analysis of women's representation in Latin America to date, and an important resource for research on women's representation worldwide.
Women --- Women public officers --- Women legislators --- Political activity --- Congresswomen --- Legislators --- Public officers
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Statesmen --- Public officers --- Külz, Wilhelm, --- Germany --- Politics and government
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Valores (Filosofía) --- Funcionarios --- Civil service. --- Public officers. --- Moral profesional.
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Public officers --- Presidents --- Protection --- Protection --- United States. --- United States. --- History.
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Gender quotas are a controversial policy measure. However, over the past twenty years they have been widely adopted around the world and especially in Europe. They are now used in politics, corporate boards, state and local public administration and even in civil society organizations. This book explores this unprecedented phenomenon, providing a unique comparative perspective on gender quotas' adoption across thirteen European countries. It also studies resistance to gender quotas by political parties and supreme courts. Providing up-to-date comprehensive data on gender quotas regulations, Transforming Gender Citizenship proposes a typology of countries, from those which have embraced gender quotas as a new way to promote gender equality in all spheres of social life, to those who have consistently refused gender quotas as a tool for gender equality. Reflecting on divergences and commonalities across Europe, the authors analyze how gender quotas may transform dominant conception of citizenship and gender equality.
Women --- Sex discrimination --- Women public officers --- Public officers --- Discrimination, Sexual --- Gender discrimination --- Sexual discrimination --- Discrimination --- Sexism --- Gender mainstreaming --- Political activity --- Government policy --- Europe --- Politics and government. --- Politics
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Statesmen --- Public officers --- Bergsträsser, Ludwig, --- Bergstraesser, Ludwig, --- Hesse (Germany) --- Politics and government
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Administrative responsibility. --- Public officers --- Professional ethics. --- Zinke, Ryan. --- United States. --- Officials and employees --- Discipline.
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Gendered Vulnerability examines the factors that make women politicians more electorally vulnerable than their male counterparts. For instance, female candidates get less and lower quality coverage from the media; they face more and better quality political opponents; and they receive less support from their political parties. Beyond these purely electoral factors, women face persistent gender biases throughout society, which makes it more difficult for them to succeed and can also lead them to doubt their abilities and qualifications. These factors combine to convince women that they must work harder to win elections-a phenomenon that Jeffrey Lazarus and Amy Steigerwalt term "gendered vulnerability." Since women feel constant pressure to make sure they can win reelection, they devote more of their time and energy to winning their constituents' favor. For example, women secure more federal spending for their districts and states than men do; women devote more time and energy to constituent services; women introduce more bills and resolutions; and women's policy positions are more responsive to what their voters want. Lazarus and Steigerwalt examine a dozen different facets of legislative behavior, and find that across them all, female members simply do a better job of representing their constituents than male members.
Women in public life. --- Women public officers. --- Sex discrimination against women. --- United States.
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Administrative responsibility. --- Public officers --- Professional ethics. --- Zinke, Ryan. --- United States. --- Officials and employees --- Discipline.
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