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This book explains exactly what human knowledge is. The key concepts in this book are structures and algorithms, i.e., what the readers “see” and how they make use of what they see. Thus in comparison with some other books on the philosophy (or methodology) of science, which employ a syntactic approach, the author’s approach is model theoretic or structural. Properly understood, it extends the current art and science of mathematical modeling to all fields of knowledge. The link between structure and algorithms is mathematics. But viewing “mathematics” as such a link is not exactly what readers most likely learned in school; thus, the task of this book is to explain what “mathematics” should actually mean. Chapter 1, an introductory essay, presents a general analysis of structures, algorithms and how they are to be linked. Several examples from the natural and social sciences, and from the history of knowledge, are provided in Chapters 2–6. In turn, Chapters 7 and 8 extend the analysis to include language and the mind. Structures are what the readers see. And, as abstract cultural objects, they can almost always be seen in many different ways. But certain structures, such as natural numbers and the basic theory of grammar, seem to have an absolute character. Any theory of knowledge grounded in human culture must explain how this is possible. The author’s analysis of this cultural invariance, combining insights from evolutionary theory and neuroscience, is presented in the book’s closing chapter. The book will be of interest to researchers, students and those outside academia who seek a deeper understanding of knowledge in our present-day society.

Philosophy. --- Epistemology. --- Language and languages --- Mathematics --- Mathematical logic. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Philosophy of Mathematics. --- Philosophy of Language. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Logic of mathematics --- Mathematics, Logic of --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Genetic epistemology. --- Computer science. --- Mathematics-Philosophy. --- Linguistics --- Informatics --- Science --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Mathematics—Philosophy. --- Language and languages—Philosophy. --- Machine theory. --- Formal Languages and Automata Theory. --- Abstract automata --- Abstract machines --- Automata --- Mathematical machine theory --- Algorithms --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Recursive functions --- Robotics

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Edited in collaboration with FoLLI, the Association of Logic, Language and Information, this book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Formal Grammar, FG 2018, collocated with the European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information in August 2018. The 7 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 11 submissions. The focus of papers are as follows: Formal and computational phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics Model-theoretic and proof-theoretic methods in linguistics Logical aspects of linguistic structure Constraint-based and resource-sensitive approaches to grammar Learnability of formal grammar Integration of stochastic and symbolic models of grammar Foundational, methodological, and architectural issues in grammar and linguistics Mathematical foundations of statistical approaches to linguistic analysis.

Computer science. --- Mathematical logic. --- Data mining. --- Computational linguistics. --- Computer Science. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. --- Language Translation and Linguistics. --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Database searching --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Informatics --- Science --- Data processing --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- NLP (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Electronic data processing --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing --- Computational linguistics --- Machine theory. --- Formal Languages and Automata Theory. --- Abstract automata --- Abstract machines --- Automata --- Mathematical machine theory --- Algorithms --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Recursive functions --- Robotics

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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Coalgebraic Methods in Computer Science, CMCS 2018, colocated with ETAPS 2018, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, in April 2018. The 10 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 17 submissions. Also included are the extended abstracts of two keynotes/invited talks. The papers cover a wide range of topics in the theory, logics and applications of coalgebras.

Computer science. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Logic design. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Logics and Meanings of Programs. --- Design, Logic --- Design of logic systems --- Digital electronics --- Electronic circuit design --- Logic circuits --- Machine theory --- Switching theory --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Informatics --- Science --- Computer science --- Mathematics --- Mathematical logic. --- Computer logic. --- Computer science logic --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Machine theory. --- Formal Languages and Automata Theory. --- Computer Science Logic and Foundations of Programming. --- Abstract automata --- Abstract machines --- Automata --- Mathematical machine theory --- Algorithms --- Recursive functions --- Robotics

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Edited in collaboration with FoLLI, the Association of Logic, Language and Information, this book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Formal Grammar, FG 2017, collocated with the European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information in July 2017. The 9 contributed papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. The focus of papers are as follows: Formal and computational phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics Model-theoretic and proof-theoretic methods in linguistics Logical aspects of linguistic structure Constraint-based and resource-sensitive approaches to grammar Learnability of formal grammar Integration of stochastic and symbolic models of grammar Foundational, methodological and architectural issues in grammar and linguistics Mathematical foundations of statistical approaches to linguistic analysis.

Computer science. --- Mathematical logic. --- Data mining. --- Text processing (Computer science). --- Computational linguistics. --- Image processing. --- Application software. --- Computer Science. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Language Translation and Linguistics. --- Document Preparation and Text Processing. --- Image Processing and Computer Vision. --- Computer Appl. in Social and Behavioral Sciences. --- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Pictorial data processing --- Picture processing --- Processing, Image --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Processing, Text (Computer science) --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Informatics --- Data processing --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Computer vision. --- Social sciences --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- Data processing. --- Machine vision --- Vision, Computer --- Artificial intelligence --- Image processing --- Pattern recognition systems --- NLP (Computer science) --- Electronic data processing --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing --- Database searching --- Science --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Computer software --- Optical data processing. --- Optical computing --- Visual data processing --- Bionics --- Integrated optics --- Photonics --- Computers --- Optical equipment --- Machine theory. --- Social sciences—Data processing. --- Formal Languages and Automata Theory. --- Computer Vision. --- Computer Application in Social and Behavioral Sciences. --- Abstract automata --- Abstract machines --- Automata --- Mathematical machine theory --- Algorithms --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Recursive functions --- Robotics

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In this book the author introduces a novel approach to securing exam systems. He provides an in-depth understanding, useful for studying the security of exams and similar systems, such as public tenders, personnel selections, project reviews, and conference management systems. After a short chapter that explains the context and objectives of the book, in Chap. 2 the author introduces terminology for exams and the foundations required to formulate their security requirements. He describes the tasks that occur during an exam, taking account of the levels of detail and abstraction of an exam specification and the threats that arise out of the different exam roles. He also presents a taxonomy that classifies exams by types and categories. Chapter 3 contains formal definitions of the authentication, privacy, and verifiability requirements for exams, a framework based on the applied pi-calculus for the specification of authentication and privacy, and a more abstract approach based on set-theory that enables the specification of verifiability. Chapter 4 describes the Huszti-Pethő protocol in detail and proposes a security enhancement. In Chap. 5 the author details Remark!, a protocol for Internet-based exams, discussing its cryptographic building blocks and some security considerations. Chapter 6 focuses on WATA, a family of computer-assisted exams that employ computer assistance while keeping face-to-face testing. The chapter also introduces formal definitions of accountability requirements and details the analysis of a WATA protocol against such definitions. In Chaps. 4, 5, and 6 the author uses the cryptographic protocol verifier ProVerif for the formal analyses. Finally, the author outlines future work in Chap. 7. The book is valuable for researchers and graduate students in the areas of information security, in particular for people engaged with exams or protocols.

Computer networks --- Security measures. --- Computer science. --- Data structures (Computer science). --- Mathematical logic. --- Computers. --- Application software. --- Computer Science. --- Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory. --- Information Systems and Communication Service. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Revision and Exam. --- Computer Appl. in Administrative Data Processing. --- Computer network security --- Network security, Computer --- Security of computer networks --- Computer security --- Data structures (Computer scienc. --- Information systems. --- Test-taking skills. --- Data Structures and Information Theory. --- Skills, Test-taking --- Test-taking strategies --- Test wiseness --- Informatics --- Science --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic brains --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Machine theory --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Information structures (Computer science) --- Structures, Data (Computer science) --- Structures, Information (Computer science) --- Electronic data processing --- File organization (Computer science) --- Abstract data types (Computer science) --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Information theory. --- Computer networks. --- Machine theory. --- Information technology --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Formal Languages and Automata Theory. --- Computer Application in Administrative Data Processing. --- Management. --- Abstract automata --- Abstract machines --- Automata --- Mathematical machine theory --- Algorithms --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Recursive functions --- Robotics --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Communication theory --- Communication --- Distributed processing