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This book is a rare jewel, describing fundamental research in a highly dynamic field of subatomic physics. It presents an overview of cross section measurements of deeply virtual Compton scattering. Understanding the structure of the proton is one of the most important challenges that physics faces today. A typical tool for experimentally accessing the internal structure of the proton is lepton–nucleon scattering. In particular, deeply virtual Compton scattering at large photon virtuality and small four-momentum transfer to the proton provides a tool for deriving a three-dimensional tomographic image of the proton. Using clear language, this book presents the highly complex procedure used to derive the momentum-dissected transverse size of the proton from a pioneering measurement taken at CERN. It describes in detail the foundations of the measurement and the data analysis, and includes exhaustive studies of potential systematic uncertainties, which could bias the result.
Protons --- Proton scattering --- Nucleon-nucleon scattering --- Scattering. --- Nuclear physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Heavy ions. --- Mathematical physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Ions --- Mathematics
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High-energy charged particles represent a cutting-edge technique in radiation oncology. Protons and carbon ions are used in several centers all over the world for the treatment of different solid tumors. Typical indications are ocular malignancies, tumors of the base of the skull, hepatocellular carcinomas and various sarcomas. The physical characteristics of the charged particles (Bragg peak) allow sparing of much more normal tissues than it is possible using conventional X-rays, and for this reason all pediatric tumors are considered eligible for protontherapy. Ions heavier than protons also display special radiobiological characteristics, which make them effective against radioresistant and hypoxic tumors. On the other hand, protons and ions with high charge (Z) and energy (HZE particles) represent a major risk for human space exploration. The main late effect of radiation exposure is cancer induction, and at the moment the dose limits for astronauts are based on cancer mortality risk. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) measured the dose on the route to Mars and on the planet’s surface, suggesting that a human exploration missions will exceed the radiation risk limits. Notwithstanding many studies on carcinogenesis induced by protons and heavy ions, the risk uncertainty remains very high. In this research topic we aim at gathering the experiences and opinions of scientists dealing with high-energy charged particles either for cancer treatment or for space radiation protection. Clinical results with protons and heavy ions, as well as research in medical physics and pre-clinical radiobiology are reported. In addition, ground-based and spaceflight studies on the effects of space radiation are included in this book. Particularly relevant for space studies are the clinical results on normal tissue complications and second cancers. The eBook nicely demonstrates that particle therapy in oncology and protection of astronauts from space radiation share many common topics, and can learn from each other.
carbon ions --- heavy ions --- Mars --- proton therapy --- radiotherapy --- particle radiobiology --- protons --- space radiation protection --- Charged particles --- space travel
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Combining incisive experiments with the latest theoretical advances, this book presents an extensive study of transfer-triggered breakup, the dominant process by which breakup occurs in reactions involving light, weakly bound nuclei. It demonstrates not only that lifetimes of resonant states shorter than a zeptosecond are crucially important for these reactions to suppress complete fusion, but also that such short lifetimes are experimentally accessible. By making quantitative predictions of the effect of breakup from short-lived resonant states on incomplete fusion at above-barrier energies, the book suggests that the extent to which near-target breakup can suppress complete fusion is much more limited than previously thought. With an impressive amount of complex data and state-of-the-art models, which were developed, modified, and tested over course of the Ph.D., it examines all aspects of nuclear reactions – nuclear models, modern detectors and spectrometers, as well as data analysis, and offers a detailed discussion of experimental results and technical developments like new radioactive beams. This excellent and beautifully written book presents outstanding quality experimental work that establishes a cornerstone in our understanding of the reaction dynamics of light weakly bound nuclei at energies around the Coulomb barrier.
Nuclear reactions. --- Nuclear fusion. --- Fusion, Nuclear --- Fusion reactions --- Fusion --- Nuclear reactions --- Nuclear transformations --- Nuclear transmutation --- Collisions (Nuclear physics) --- Compound nucleus --- Nuclear energy --- Nuclear physics --- Nuclear physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Nuclear Fusion. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Heavy ions. --- Ions
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Dealing with astrophysics derived from the radiation emitted by radioactive atomic nuclei, this book describes the different methods used to measure cosmic radio-isotopes. It demonstrates how this astronomical window has contributed to the understanding of the sources and the chemical evolution of cosmic gas. Reference materials and explanations are included for students in advanced stages of their education. Nuclear reactions in different sites across the universe lead to the production of stable and unstable nuclei. Their abundances can be measured through different methods, allowing to study the various nuclear processes taking place in cosmic environments. Nucleosynthesis is the cosmic formation of new nuclear species, starting from hydrogen and helium resulting from the big bang origins. Stars create and eject synthesized nuclei during their evolution and explosions. Incorporation of the new interstellar composition into next-generation stars characterises the compositional (chemical) evolution of cosmic gas in and between galaxies. Radioactive species have unique messages about how this occurs. Since the first Edition of this book published in 2011 with the title Astronomy with Radioactivities, long-awaited new direct observations of supernova radioactivity have been made and are now addressed in two updated chapters dealing with supernovae. In this second Edition, the advances of recent years beyond one-dimensional treatments of stellar structure and stellar explosions towards 3-dimensional models have been included, and led to significant re-writings in Chapters 3-5. The sections on the Solar System origins have been re-written to account for new insights into the evolution of giant molecular clouds. The chapter on diffuse radioactivities now also includes material measurements of radioactivities in the current solar system, and their interpretations for recent nucleosynthesis activity in our Galaxy. Significant new results on gamma-rays from positron annihilations have been accounted for in that chapter, and led to new links with nucleosynthesis sources as well as interstellar transport processes. A new chapter now provides a description of interstellar processes often called 'chemical evolution', thus linking the creation of new nuclei to their abundance observations in gas and stars. The experimental / instrumental chapters on nuclear reaction measurements, on gamma-ray telescopes, and pre-solar grain laboratories have been updated. Moreover, new windows of astronomy that have been opened up in recent years have been included in the discussions of the multi-messenger approach that broadens the basis for astrophysical insights.
Astrophysics. --- Radioisotopes. --- Radioactive isotopes --- Radioactive nuclides --- Radionuclides --- Isotopes --- Nuclear engineering --- Radioactive substances --- Radiochemistry --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Nuclear physics. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Heavy ions. --- Ions
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This book highlights two essential analyses of data collected during the LHCb experiment, based on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The first comprises the first observation and studies of matter-antimatter asymmetries in two three-body b-baryon decays, paving the way for more precise measurements of the relatively unknown decay properties of b-baryon decays. The second is an analysis of a charged B meson decay to three charged pions, where previously large matter-antimatter asymmetries were observed in a model-independent analysis. Here a model of the decay amplitude is constructed using the unitarity-conserving ‘K-matrix’ model for the scalar contributions, so as to gain an understanding of how the previously observed matter-antimatter asymmetries arise; further, the model’s construction yields the most precise and comprehensive study of this decay mode to date.
Hadrons --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Charm (Nuclear physics) --- Charmed particles (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum theory --- Decay. --- Charm. --- Nuclear physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Heavy ions. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Relativity (Physics) --- Ions
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In the present work, the target station of the accelerator-driven neutron source HBS is optimized in comprehensive parameter studies using the Monto-Carlo method. The dependence of the most important performance characteristics of such a system on the external parameters is investigated neglecting technical and mechanical limitations. In this way, qualitative and quantitative statements for all possible configurations and envisaged applications can be derived and should be considered in the detailed planning of such facilities. For this purpose, different scenarios are considered that place completely different requirements on the design of the target station. The central statements derived in this thesis can be transferred to any framework conditions, such as different accelerator energies, so that these results can be used in the development of other neutron sources, which together with the HBS form a European network and provide a prosperous community in neutron science.
Nuclear physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Heavy ions. --- Physics. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement . --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Ions
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This thesis describes the first detection of a nuclear transition that had been sought for 40 years, and marks the essential first step toward developing nuclear clocks. Atomic clocks are currently the most reliable timekeepers. Still, they could potentially be outperformed by nuclear clocks, based on a nuclear transition instead of the atomic transitions employed to date. An elusive, extraordinary state in thorium-229 seems to be the only nuclear transition suitable for this purpose and feasible using currently available technology. Despite repeated efforts over the past 40 years, until recently we had not yet successfully detected the decay of this elusive state. Addressing this gap, the thesis lays the foundation for the development of a new, better frequency standard, which will likely have numerous applications in satellite navigation and rapid data transfer. Further, it makes it possible to improve the constraints for time variations of fundamental constants and opens up the field of nuclear coherent control.
Nuclear physics. --- Atomic clocks. --- Nuclear isomers. --- Physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Isomerism (Nuclear physics) --- Isomers, Nuclear --- Isomers (Nuclear physics) --- Nuclear physics --- Nuclides --- Clocks, Atomic --- Atomic frequency standards --- Clocks and watches --- Frequency standards --- Measurement . --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Ions
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This book presents more than 300 exercises, with guided solutions, on topics that span both the experimental and the theoretical aspects of particle physics. The exercises are organized by subject, covering kinematics, interactions of particles with matter, particle detectors, hadrons and resonances, electroweak interactions and flavor physics, statistics and data analysis, and accelerators and beam dynamics. Some 200 of the exercises, including 50 in multiple-choice format, derive from exams set by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Research (INFN) over the past decade to select its scientific staff of experimental researchers. The remainder comprise problems taken from the undergraduate classes at ETH Zurich or inspired by classic textbooks. Whenever appropriate, in-depth information is provided on the source of the problem, and readers will also benefit from the inclusion of bibliographic details and short dissertations on particular topics. This book is an ideal complement to textbooks on experimental and theoretical particle physics and will enable students to evaluate their knowledge and preparedness for exams. .
Physics. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Particle acceleration. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Quantum theory. --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Acceleration (Mechanics) --- Nuclear physics --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Acceleration --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Strongly interacting particles --- Partons --- Ions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics)
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This concise book provides the necessary background to allow interested readers to launch original research projects on the subject matter. Currently, this material is not available from one single source, and is either spread out over numerous journal publications, or covered in long and technical monographs. At the core of this book lies the sum rule approach to obtain analytic results in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the current theory of strong interactions among quarks and gluons. This method fully complements Lattice QCD, the corresponding computational approach based on discretizing QCD on a space-time lattice. Applications include standard determinations of hadronic particle properties with extensions to finite temperature and density, and possibly involving the presence of extreme magnetic fields. The latter cases include stellar objects (e.g. neutron stars and magnetars) as well as high-energy proton–proton and heavy-ion collisions. Further topics concern the determination of the fundamental parameters of QCD, e.g. quark masses and the quark–gluon couplings, the hadronic contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, and electromagnetic coupling at the the W-boson mass scale.
Quantum chromodynamics. --- Chromodynamics, Quantum --- QCD (Nuclear physics) --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum electrodynamics --- Quantum theory. --- Nuclear physics. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Heavy ions. --- Ions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics
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This book addresses one of the most intriguing mysteries of our universe: the nature of dark matter. The results presented here mark a significant and substantial contribution to the search for new physics, in particular for new particles that couple to dark matter. The first analysis presented is a search for heavy new particles that decay into pairs of hadronic jets (dijets). This pioneering analysis explores unprecedented dijet invariant masses, reaching nearly 7 TeV, and sets constraints on several important new physics models. The two subsequent analyses focus on the difficult low dijet mass region, down to 200 GeV, and employ a novel technique to efficiently gather low-mass dijet events. The results of these analyses transcend the long-standing constraints on dark matter mediator particles set by several existing experiments.
Heavy particles (Nuclear physics) --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Nuclear physics. --- Quantum theory. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Cosmology. --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Heavy ions. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics --- Ions
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