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Magnetic fields --- Pulsed power systems

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Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensing has progressed significantly in the past few years. In particular, smart sensors play an increasingly important role in structural damage detection. There is growing progress in the performance of strategic sensors, such as piezoelectric sensors, as well as noncontact sensors, such as air-coupled transducers, magnetic flux leakage sensors and pulsed laser ultrasonic propagation applications. The most progress has been made in the development of application software for all technologies. We are now able to enhance damage resolutions and then focus on damage visualization in many applications. This Special Issue aims to highlight advances in the development, testing, and use of damage visualization tools for smart sensor-based nondestructive evaluations. Topics include, but are not limited to: New developments in smart sensing-based nondestructive evaluations, Magnetic flux leakage sensors, Laser scanning-based ultrasonic propagation sensors, Piezoelectric sensors, Air-coupled transducers, Damage detection and visualization.

Nondestructive testing. --- Magnetic fields. --- Ferromagnetic materials.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used both as a diagnostic instrument and for therapy, available only at some psychiatric clinics for treatment of depression and at clinical neurophysiology where TMS is used for diagnosis of nerve damage. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare issued a referral edition about the use of repetitive TMS as an alternative treatment for depression. This may lead to a major increase in the application of TMS to treat depression. TMS is based on induction of an electric (E) field inside the brain by application of an external magnetic field with rapid rise and fall time. The E field in the brain has been calculated when different coils were used for the treatment. The reported E fields are of the order of tens to hundreds of volts per meter and the induced current density is estimated at tens of A/m2. This field can depolarize neurons or modulate cortical excitability by selecting the appropriate parameters for stimulation and the duration of the treatment session. The mechanisms of action of neurostimulation still remain incompletely understood.

Health risk assessment. --- Magnetic fields. --- Neuropsychology.

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Nous sommes tous exposés à des champs électromagnétiques d’origine naturelle ou artificielle. Ils sont utilisés dans nombres d’applications de notre "idien, pour les plus connues il s’agit d’équipements électriques, de systèmes de communications sans fil, de techniques de l’éclairage, de lasers… tandis que la principale source naturelle est le soleil. Nombre d’idées fausses et d’informations contradictoires ou sensationnelles circulent sur les dangers des ondes conduisant à une simplification excessive et des amalgames qui alimentent des controverses sociétales. Les risques peuvent être alors exagérés ou, plus grave, minimisés. Il est bien difficile de se faire une opinion ! C’est pourquoi, dans une optique de partage du savoir, des spécialistes se sont attachés à fournir une information scientifique validée, facilement compréhensible sur les champs électromagnétiques. Il s’agit de médecins, chercheurs et ingénieurs dont les compétences en bioélectromagnétisme sont reconnues dans la communauté scientifique et dont la biographie est présentée dans cet ouvrage. Ils expliquent comment est faite la recherche, comment est évalué le risque, et comment est définie la réglementation. Chaque chapitre porte sur une catégorie de rayonnement correspondant à une gamme de fréquence et traite plus particulièrement d’une source d’exposition typique. Après un rappel général sur les principes physiques et les sources d’émission, les auteurs résument simplement, mais le plus fidèlement possible, les connaissances actuelles et les recherches sur les effets biologiques et sanitaires en signalant les études les plus marquantes. Ils rappellent les limites d’exposition recommandées par les organismes internationaux et la réglementation en vigueur, ainsi que les éventuelles précautions à prendre pour utiliser les champs électromagnétiques en sécurité. Conçu comme un livre à tiroirs, chacun pourra s’immerger en fonction de sa curiosité et de son niveau de connaissances, et aller plus loin s’il le souhaite en consultant les références bibliographiques présentées à la fin de chaque chapitre.

Electromagnetic fields. --- Fields, Electromagnetic --- Magnetic fields --- Electric fields

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This book addresses and reviews many of the still little understood questions related to the processes underlying planetary magnetic fields and their interaction with the solar wind. With focus on research carried out within the German Priority Program ”PlanetMag”, it also provides an overview of the most recent research in the field. Magnetic fields play an important role in making a planet habitable by protecting the environment from the solar wind. Without the geomagnetic field, for example, life on Earth as we know it would not be possible. And results from recent space missions to Mars and Venus strongly indicate that planetary magnetic fields play a vital role in preventing atmospheric erosion by the solar wind. However, very little is known about the underlying interaction between the solar wind and a planet’s magnetic field. The book takes a synergistic interdisciplinary approach that combines newly developed tools for data acquisition and analysis, computer simulations of planetary interiors and dynamos, models of solar wind interaction, measurement of ancient terrestrial rocks and meteorites, and laboratory investigations.

Cosmic magnetic fields. --- Cosmic magnetism --- Extraterrestrial magnetic fields --- Magnetic fields (Cosmic physics) --- Astrophysics. --- Planetology. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astrophysics --- Magnetic fields --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Space sciences. --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science