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What living environment will be ours, when more than 60% of the world’s population is estimated to live in cities from 2030?
City planning policy are increasingly using plans to intensify the urban environment rather than let the city grow horizontally. This is one of the goals to achieve for the city of Charleroi (Belgium). In the main time, urban green spaces are a social demand and their impact on city dwellers’ well-being has been demonstrated. Therefore, the place of nature in our city is a recurring issue, because of human well-being and biodiversity. But what kind of nature do we want in our city and what shape should it take? This research questions naturalness perception of urban green spaces with those who use them and those who plan them.
With the city of Charleroi as case of study, we submit a photographic questionnaire to Charleroi’s residents and professional urban planners. This survey questioned the naturalness perception of six typologies of urban green spaces. Then a focus group brought together some city representatives and members of independent organizations. Firstly, the aims were to understand the naturalness perception of Charleroi’s inhabitants and what are the vegetal indicators which affect it. Then, the focus group identified what are the limits and constraints in urban planning. This will be the type of information to consider in future projects when urban nature will be concerned. Quels cadre et qualité de vie prévoyons-nous en milieu urbain d’ici la moitié du siècle, lorsque l’on sait que plus de 60% de la population mondiale y sera urbaine ?
Les politiques d’aménagements urbains préfèrent de plus en plus limiter l’étalement par des plans d’intensification urbaine, comme c’est le cas à Charleroi (Belgique). En parallèle, l’impact des espaces végétalisés sur le bien-être des citadins a été démontré, il s’agit même d’une demande sociale de nos jours. La question de la place de la « nature » en ville est donc de plus en plus récurrente, en termes de bien-être des citadins d’une part et de biodiversité d’autre part. Mais quelle est donc cette nature et surtout sous quelle forme est-elle attendue ? Ce travail questionne la perception de naturalité des espaces végétalisés urbains par les personnes qui les pratiquent aux quotidiens et ceux qui les conçoivent.
Avec Charleroi pour cas d’étude, une enquête sur base d'un questionnaire photographique a été soumise à ses habitants et ses professionnels de l’aménagement du territoire. Cette enquête questionnait la perception de naturalité de six typologies d’espaces végétalisés propres à Charleroi et a été suivie d’un focus group réunissant des représentants de la Ville, ainsi que d’organismes indépendants. Les objectifs étaient, en premier lieu de comprendre la perception de naturalité qu’on les carolos de leurs paysages et les marqueurs végétaux influençant cette perception. Puis dans un second temps, le focus group a permis d’identifier les limites et contraintes d’aménagement à considérer dans les futurs projets de la Ville comprenant l’intégration ou le développement de la « nature urbaine ».

Naturalness --- Wildness --- Public perception --- Charleroi --- Urban area --- Peri-urban area --- Survey --- Focus group --- Naturalité --- Perception --- Charleroi --- Urbain --- Péri-urbain --- Enquête --- Focus group --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Architecture

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Few Renaissance Venetians saw the New World with their own eyes. As the print capital of early modern Europe, however, Venice developed a unique relationship to the Americas. Venetian editors, mapmakers, translators, writers, and cosmographers represented the New World at times as a place that the city's mariners had discovered before the Spanish, a world linked to Marco Polo's China, or another version of Venice, especially in the case of Tenochtitlan. Elizabeth Horodowich explores these various and distinctive modes of imagining the New World, including Venetian rhetorics of 'firstness', similitude, othering, comparison, and simultaneity generated through forms of textual and visual pastiche that linked the wider world to the Venetian lagoon. These wide-ranging stances allowed Venetians to argue for their different but equivalent participation in the Age of Encounters. Whereas historians have traditionally focused on the Spanish conquest and colonization of the New World, and the Dutch and English mapping of it, they have ignored the wide circulation of Venetian Americana. Horodowich demonstrates how with their printed texts and maps, Venetian newsmongers embraced a fertile tensi

Geodesy. Cartography --- History of civilization --- anno 1500-1599 --- Venice --- America --- Discoveries in geography. --- Venice (Italy) --- Relations --- Discovery and exploration --- Italian. --- Foreign public opinion, Italian. --- Civilization. --- Intellectual life. --- Découvertes géographiques. --- Relations extérieures --- Découvertes géographiques italiennes --- Opinion publique italienne --- Vie intellectuelle --- Civilisation --- Discoveries in geography --- Découvertes --- --Géographie --- --Venise --- --Relation --- --Amérique --- --Opinion publique --- --Civilisation --- --Vie intellectuelle --- --Venice (Italy) --- Italian --- Foreign public opinion, Italian --- Civilization --- Intellectual life --- Géographie --- Relation --- Opinion publique --- Venise --- Amérique --- Venice (Italy) - Relations - America --- America - Discovery and exploration - Italian --- America - Foreign public opinion, Italian --- Venice (Italy) - Civilization --- Venice (Italy) - Intellectual life --- Publishers and publishing --- Cartography --- Map printing --- Public opinion --- History --- aVenice (Italy) --- Discovery and exploration. --- Opinion, Public --- Perception, Public --- Popular opinion --- Public perception --- Public perceptions --- Judgment --- Social psychology --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Focus groups --- Reputation --- Maps --- Maps, Printing of --- Printing --- Cartography, Primitive --- Chartography --- Map-making --- Mapmaking --- Mapping (Cartography) --- Mathematical geography --- Surveying --- Map projection --- Book publishing --- Books --- Book industries and trade --- Booksellers and bookselling --- Reproduction --- Publishing --- Americas --- New World --- Western Hemisphere --- Bneci (Italy) --- Mleci (Italy) --- Mleti (Italy) --- Venecia (Italy) --- Venezia (Italy) --- Venedig (Italy) --- Venetik (Italy) --- Venet︠s︡ii︠a︡ (Italy) --- Velence (Italy) --- Benetia (Italy) --- Venetia (Italy) --- Wenecja (Italy) --- Venise (Italy) --- Fenice (Italy) --- Benetke (Italy) --- Vinegia (Italy) --- Burano (Italy) --- Murano (Italy) --- Venice (Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom) --- Découvertes géographiques. --- Relations extérieures --- Découvertes géographiques italiennes

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Public opinion --- Congresses. --- Brazil --- France --- Relations --- Foreign public opinion, French --- Foreign public opinion, Brazilian --- Opinion, Public --- Perception, Public --- Popular opinion --- Public perception --- Public perceptions --- Judgment --- Social psychology --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Focus groups --- Reputation --- Bro-C'hall --- Fa-kuo --- Fa-lan-hsi --- Faguo --- Falanxi --- Falanxi Gongheguo --- Faransā --- Farānsah --- França --- Francia (Republic) --- Francija --- Francja --- Francland --- Francuska --- Franis --- Franḳraykh --- Frankreich --- Frankrig --- Frankrijk --- Frankrike --- Frankryk --- Fransa --- Fransa Respublikası --- Franse --- Franse Republiek --- Frant︠s︡ --- Frant︠s︡ Uls --- Frant︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Frantsuzskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Frantsyi︠a︡ --- Franza --- French Republic --- Frencisc Cynewīse --- Frenska republika --- Furansu --- Furansu Kyōwakoku --- Gallia --- Gallia (Republic) --- Gallikē Dēmokratia --- Hyãsia --- Parancis --- Peurancih --- Phransiya --- Pransiya --- Pransya --- Prantsusmaa --- Pʻŭrangsŭ --- Ranska --- República Francesa --- Republica Franzesa --- Republika Francuska --- Republiḳah ha-Tsarfatit --- Republikang Pranses --- République française --- Tsarfat --- Tsorfat --- Γαλλική Δημοκρατία --- Γαλλία --- Франц --- Франц Улс --- Французская Рэспубліка --- Францыя --- Франция --- Френска република --- פראנקרייך --- צרפת --- רפובליקה הצרפתית --- فرانسه --- فرنسا --- フランス --- フランス共和国 --- 法国 --- 法蘭西 --- 法蘭西共和國 --- 프랑스 --- France (Provisional government, 1944-1946) --- al-Barāzīl --- Barāzīl --- Brasil --- Brasile --- Brasilia --- Brasilië --- Brasilien --- Brazili --- Brazili Federativlă Respubliki --- Brazilia --- Brazilië --- Brazilii︠a︡ --- Brazilii︠a︡ Federativ Respublikaḣy --- Braziliya --- Braziliya Federativ Respublikası --- Brazilská federativní republika --- Brazylia --- Brésil --- Burajiru --- Federale Republiek van Brasilië --- Federative Republic of Brazil --- Federativna republika Brazil --- Federativna republika Brazilii︠a︡ --- Federat︠s︡iėm Respublikė Brazil --- Fedėratyŭnai︠a︡ Rėspublika Brazilii︠a︡ --- Gweriniaeth Ffederal Brasil --- Pa-hsi --- Pa-se --- Pa-se Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok --- Pederatibong Republika sa Brasil --- Pindorama --- República Federal del Brasil --- Republica Federale di u Brasile --- Republica Federativa del Brazil --- República Federativa do Brasil --- Rèpublica fèdèrativa du Brèsil --- Republik Kevreel Brazil --- République fédérative du Brésil --- Tantasqa Republika Wrasil --- Tetã Pindorama --- Wrasil --- Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Бразілія --- Федеративна република Бразилия --- Федерациэм Республикэ Бразил --- Бразил --- Бразили --- Бразили Федеративлă Республики --- Бразилия --- Бразилия Федератив Республикаhы --- Бразілія --- البرازيل --- برازيل --- ブラジル --- opinion publique brésilienne --- opinion publique française --- relations France-Brésil

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A comprehensive look at the decline of the United States offers non-ideological remedies on how to overcome national self-doubt, reclaim optimism, and secure a prosperous future for American citizens.

Political culture --- Political ethics --- Trust --- Political culture. --- Political ethics. --- Politics and government. --- Politics and government --- Public opinion. --- Trust. --- History --- 2000-2099 --- United States --- United States. --- Economic policy --- Social policy --- Trust (Psychology) --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Emotions --- Opinion, Public --- Perception, Public --- Popular opinion --- Public perception --- Public perceptions --- Judgment --- Social psychology --- Focus groups --- Reputation --- Ethics in government --- Ethics, Political --- Government ethics --- Political science --- Politics, Practical --- Ethics --- Civics --- Culture --- Moral and ethical aspects --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- É.-U. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- ÉU --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- ZSA