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One of a series of studies on vocational education and training, this review assesses the apprenticeship system and vocational education and training in Israel and provides policy recommendations. Israel has experienced strong economic growth over the last decade, and labour shortages are observed in many sectors and occupations. At the same time, inequity and disadvantage in some population groups are rising. This report suggests several ways in which Israel might reform its vocational and apprenticeship programmes so that they effectively support the Israeli economy by providing the skills in demand on the labour market, and improve life chances and social mobility of individuals. The report argues for an expansion and integration of apprenticeship programmes into the mainstream upper secondary system, and development of systematic work-based learning placements in selected school-based vocational programmes. Currently vocational education and training in Israel is fragmented and students and employers often find it difficult to navigate. To address this challenge, the report recommends creating a single strategic body that will plan and guide policy development on vocational education and training, and champion it within government. A relatively large share of adults in Israel has low basic skills, particularly among Arab Israelis and Haredi Jews. Addressing basic skills weaknesses in these populations should be a priority.

Education --- Employment --- Vocational education

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Occupational training. --- Vocational education.

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Despite strong recent economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa has levels of economictransformation, poverty reduction, and skill development far below those of other regions.Smart investments in developing skills - aligned with the policy goals of productivity growth,inclusion, and adaptability - can help to accelerate the region's economic transformation inthe 21st century.Sub-Saharan Africa's growing working-age population presents a major opportunity toincrease shared prosperity. Countries in the region have invested heavily in building skills;public expenditure on education increased sevenfold over the past 30 years, and more childrenare in school today than ever before. Yet, systems for building skills in this population havefallen short, and these shortcomings significantly impede economic prospects. In half of thecountries, fewer than two in every three children complete primary school; even fewer reachand complete higher levels of education. Learning outcomes have been persistently poor,leading to substantial gaps in basic cognitive skills - literacy and numeracy - among children,young people, and adults. The literacy rate of the adult population is below 50 percent in manycountries; functional literacy and numeracy rates are even lower.Systemwide change is required to achieve significant progress. Multiple agencies at thecentral and local levels are involved in skills development strategies, making skills "everyone's problem but no one's responsibility." Policies and reforms need to build capacity for evidence-based policies and create incentives to align the behaviors of all stakeholders with the pursuitof national skills development goals.The Skills Balancing Act in Sub-Saharan Africa: Investing in Skills for Productivity, Inclusivity, and Adaptability lays out evidence to inform the policy choices that countries will make in skillinvestments. Each chapter addresses a set of specific questions, drawing on original analysisand synthesis of existing studies to explore key areas: How the skills appropriate to each stage of the life cycle are acquired and what market and institutional failures affect skills formation What systems are needed for individuals to access these skills, including family investments, private sector institutions, schools, and other public programs How those systems can be strengthened How the most vulnerable individuals-those who fall outside the standard systemsand have missed critical building blocks in skills acquisition-can be supported.Countries will face trade-offs - often stark ones - that will have distributional impactsand a bearing on their development path. Committed leaders, reform coalitions, and well-coordinated policies are essential for taking on the skills balancing act in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Labor supply --- Vocational education --- Vocational qualifications

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This book is designed to introduce designers, engineers, technologists, estimators, project managers, and financial analysts as well as students in engineering and business to strategic cost tools for project cost evaluations. The three main sections are as follows. (1) Cost Relationships, Financial Statements, and Performance Measures—This section describes the relationships between cash flows and profits; the relationships between financial statements and the Purcell Diagram; and the issues of cost estimating, time-based breakeven analysis and time-based earned schedule. (2) Tools for Economic Evaluations—This section considers the basic mathematical relations used behind the economic equations and factors; discrete and continuous interest; depreciation terms and methods; and the Present Value of Principal Approach for evaluating loans. (3) Methods for Project Evaluation and Risk Analysis—This section considers payback periods, present worth analysis, return on investment, internal rate of return, benefit/cost ratios and positive-negative project balances; risk techniques of sensitivity analysis, optimistic-pessimistic analysis, discrete probability examples, and continuous probability models using the normal and triangular distributions.

Engineering design. --- Materials. --- Professional education. --- Vocational education. --- Engineering Design. --- Materials Engineering. --- Professional and Vocational Education.

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Vocational education --- Vocational school students --- Law and legislation --- United States.