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It is a summary of the master thesis "Voxel 3D printing and bioinspired bimaterial
attachment" by Quentin Grossman in the master studies of "ingénieur civil biomédical, à finalité
spécialisée (AMUBIO009901)" for the academic year 2018-2019. The promotor is Davide Ruffoni
and the work was done at the university of Liège. 
Today additive manufacturing is developing very fast and has reached a level of technology that
allows to investigate deeper the understanding of the structures that it is possible to create with
this method. It is especially interesting because of its ability to print multimaterial at once with
complex architectural structure as the ones present in biological livings. This work investigate voxel 3D printing of material jetting type of printer as well as how to improve bimaterial attachment using this voxel printing. For the voxel printing, an investigation on quality of elongated features of size close to the voxel size depending on the printing direction is conducted. Samples are printed using a Stratasy Objet260 Connex 1 and then polishing to be looked at with an optical microscope. Results are there is anisotropy in the quality of the elongated features : those printed along the printing direction are of better quality than the one printed perpendicular to it. Another anisotropy was observed revealing that the less present material was actually behaving like an inclusion in the base material resulting in elongated inclusions stacked on top of eachother. Concerning bimaterial attachment, three designs differing from the gradient transition strategy at the interface : one with no gradient (flat interfac), one with a vertical gradient and one with a vertical gradient. They were printed and tested to extract their mode I fracture energy. The results are that the sample with horizontal gradient presents the highest fracture energy followed by the flat interface one and at last by the vertical gradient. Post-failure analysis revealed that there is a repeating defect pattern at the bimaterial attachment of the both gradient samples but it matters only for the horizontal one. There it is inducing a serration in the graphs of the fracture energy and the sample can be considered as having an alternation of homogenous material properties at its interface. The conclusion are that the printing method of this technology induces a strong anisotropy in the printed structures and that the use of gradient transition for improving bimaterial attachment is a promising field but requires still a lot of investigation and understanding of the software of the 3D printer.

bioinspired 3D printing --- additive manufacturing --- bimaterial attachment --- voxel 3D printing --- multimaterial 3D printing --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres

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The engineering and utilization of biocomposites is a research field of major scientific and industrial interest worldwide. The biocomposite area is extensive and spans from structured and solid biocomposites (e.g., reinforced bioabsorbable polymers), films (e.g., antimicrobial barriers), to soft biocomposites (e.g., use of alginates, collagen and nanocellulose as components in bioinks for 3D bioprinting). Key aspects in this respect are the appropriate engineering and production of biomaterials, nanofibres, bioplastics, their functionalization enabling intelligent and active materials, processes for effective manufacturing of biocomposites and the corresponding characterization for understanding their properties. The current Special Issue emphasizes the bio-technological engineering of novel biomaterials and biocomposites, considering also important safety aspects in the production and use of bio- and nanomaterials.

Encapsulation --- 3D Printing --- Surface modification --- Microbiology --- Cellulose --- Biocompatibility --- Scaffolds

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A clear and concise guide to Additive Manufacturing, now a well-established valuable tool for making models and prototypes, and also a manufacturing method for molds and final parts finding applications in industries such as medicine, car manufacturing, and aerospace engineering.

Three-dimensional printing. --- Manufacturing processes --- Automation. --- 3-D printing --- 3D printing --- 3DP (Three-dimensional printing) --- Additive manufacturing --- Three-dimensional printing --- Automation

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In the mid-2000s, the production of hearing aids shifted almost entirely to 3D printing. Using difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods, this paper examines the effects of this shift on trade flows. The analysis finds that trade increased roughly 60 percent following the introduction of 3D printing. Revealed comparative advantage was reinforced, with exports growing most rapidly for middle- and high-income countries. The analysis also finds that developing countries increased their imports of hearing aids as a result of the innovation, benefitting consumers. As a robustness check, the paper examines 35 products that are partially 3D printed and finds positive and significant effects on trade. The results counter widespread views that 3D printing will shorten supply chains and reduce trade.

3D Printing --- Comparative Advantage --- Developing Countries --- Global Trade --- International Economics and Trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Science and Technology Development --- Supply Chain --- Technology Innovation --- Trade

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Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Building materials. Building technology --- printing techniques --- cement [construction material] --- concrete --- 3-D printing --- Three-dimensional printing --- Industrial applications. --- 3D printing --- 3DP (Three-dimensional printing) --- Additive manufacturing --- technologische innovatie