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The aim of this book is to give the first large-scale typological investigation of pluractionality in the languages of the world. Pluractionality is defined as the morphological modification of the verb to express a plurality of situations that can additionally involve a plurality of participants and/or spaces. Based on a 246-language sample, the main characteristics of pluractionality are described and discussed throughout the book. Firstly, a description of the functions that pluractional markers cross-linguistically express is presented and the relationships occurring among them are explained through the semantic map model. Then, the marking strategies that languages display to express such functions are illustrated and some issues concerning the formal identification are briefly discussed as well. The typological generalizations are corroborated showing how pluractional markers work in three specific languages (Akawaio, Beja, Maa). In conclusion, the theoretical conceptualization of pluractionality is discussed referring to the Radical Construction Grammar approach.

Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Verb --- Agreement (Grammar) --- Concord (Grammar) --- Dual (Grammar) --- Number (Grammar) --- Plural (Grammar) --- Agreement --- Number --- Verb phrase --- Verbals --- Reflexives --- Concord --- Case --- Gender --- Person --- Syntax --- E-books --- Agreement. --- Number. --- Verb. --- Linguistics --- Philology

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The ability of countries to promote and protect their domestic industries in the face of stiff global competition is an important consideration in any trading agreement. Member states of the World Trade Organization are expected to adhere to the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, but to what extent do the WTO Members have policy space to subsidize their industries? Using an economically informed framework, Caiado examines the flexibilities countries may find at the WTO to grant subsidies and impose tariffs to protect designated industries. By testing the Treaty system of entitlements and enforcement mechanisms against the theory of incomplete contract, this work offers a comprehensive analysis of the capacity of the SCM Agreement to achieve its goal: the concomitant regulation of opportunistic behavior and assurance of ex post flexibility.

Antidumping duties --- Subsidies --- Trade regulation --- Antidumping law --- Law and legislation. --- Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures --- Übereinkommen über Subventionen und Ausgleichsmassnahmen --- SCM Agreement --- World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures --- WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

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Visitors, Foreign --- Hotels --- Data protection --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law and legislation --- Government policy --- Schengen Agreement

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International commercial arbitration --- Arbitration agreements, Commercial --- Conflict of laws --- Arbitration and award --- Arbitration clauses, Commercial --- Commercial arbitration agreements --- Compromise (Arbitration agreement) --- Submission (Arbitration agreement) --- Arbitration and award, International --- Commercial arbitration, International --- International arbitration and award --- Law and legislation

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As preferential trade agreements are growing in number and depth, assessment of their economic impacts has become more important to inform policy-makers facing a multitude of potential preferential trade agreements. This paper provides novel ex ante estimates of the impacts of two key preferential trade agreements currently negotiated by Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia. The paper then compares these estimates with those of other preferential trade agreements that Indonesia may negotiate in the future. To that end it, combines a dynamic, multi-country computable general equilibrium model and a microsimulation tool linking the macroeconomic results to household-level welfare. The results suggest that, among the preferential trade agreements considered, the European Union-Indonesia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (EU-CEPA) is expected to yield the largest gains for Indonesia in income, output, and exports. This result is due to a combination of large expected reductions in trade barriers and a high share of international trade between the partners. These macro effects translate into the highest expected income growth relative to the other preferential trade agreements at every point of the income distribution. However, the gains for the EU-CEPA are proportionately larger for richer households, unlike the other agreements considered. The regressive gains are mainly due to the increase in skill wage premia spurred by the additional demand for skill-intensive sectors, especially services.

CGE Model --- Distributional Impact --- Free Trade --- Free Trade Agreement --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- International Economics and Trade --- Poverty --- Poverty and Trade --- Poverty Reduction --- Preferential Trade Agreement --- Trade Agfreement --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy