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The committee was charged to review the available evidence and to update the current DRIs for sodium and potassium. In 2005, the evidence supported an Adequate Intake (AI) for both nutrients, and a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) only for sodium. In addition, we were asked to consider adding, if relevant, sodium and potassium intake values to reduce the risk of chronic disease endpoints. As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications. --

Cardiovascular system --- Diseases.

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Cardiovascular system --- Diseases.

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Cada año mueren más personas debido a la hipertensión que por cualquier otra causa; esta cifra, de alrededor de 10 millones de personas, es superior a la de las muertes causadas por todas las enfermedades infecciosas combinadas. La reducción de la presión arterial previene los accidentes cerebrovasculares, el infarto del miocardio, el daño renal y otros problemas de salud. Cerca de 1400 millones de personas en todo el mundo sufren de hipertensión, pero apenas 14% de ellas han logrado controlarla, lo que equivale a aproximadamente de una persona de cada siete. Sin embargo, los prestadores de servicios de salud en países de ingresos bajos y altos, en zonas urbanas y rurales y en los distintos sistemas de salud han demostrado que es posible lograr un nivel más alto de control. En Canadá se ha alcanzado casi el 70% de control en todo el país, mientras que en Barbados y Malawi se ha comprobado que es posible aumentar en forma rápida las tasas de control.

Cardiovascular system --- Diseases.

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Long description: Cardiovascular disease has become the number one cause of death worldwide. For the diagnosis and therapy of coronary artery disease, interventional C-arm-based fluoroscopy is an imaging method of choice. While these C-arm systems are also capable of rotating around the patient and thus allow a CT-like 3-D image reconstruction, their long rotation time of about five seconds leads to strong motion artefacts in 3-D coronary artery imaging. In this work, a novel method is introduced that is based on a 2-D--2-D image registration algorithm. It is embedded in an iterative algorithm for motion estimation and compensation and does not require any complex segmentation or user interaction. It is thus fully automatic, which is a very desirable feature for interventional applications. The method is evaluated on simulated and human clinical data. Overall, it could be shown that the method can be successfully applied to a large set of clinical data without user interaction or parameter changes, and with a high robustness against initial 3-D image quality, while delivering results that are at least up to the current state of the art, and better in many cases.

Cardiovascular system --- Diseases --- Diagnosis.

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Breast milk. --- Cardiovascular system --- Diseases.