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Periodic differential equations appear in many contexts such as in the theory of nonlinear oscillators, in celestial mechanics, or in population dynamics with seasonal effects. The most traditional approach to study these equations is based on the introduction of small parameters, but the search of nonlocal results leads to the application of several topological tools. Examples are fixed point theorems, degree theory, or bifurcation theory. These well-known methods are valid for equations of arbitrary dimension and they are mainly employed to prove the existence of periodic solutions. Following the approach initiated by Massera, this book presents some more delicate techniques whose validity is restricted to two dimensions. These typically produce additional dynamical information such as the instability of periodic solutions, the convergence of all solutions to periodic solutions, or connections between the number of harmonic and subharmonic solutions. The qualitative study of periodic planar equations leads naturally to a class of discrete dynamical systems generated by homeomorphisms or embeddings of the plane. To study these maps, Brouwer introduced the notion of a translation arc, somehow mimicking the notion of an orbit in continuous dynamical systems. The study of the properties of these translation arcs is full of intuition and often leads to "non-rigorous proofs". In the book, complete proofs following ideas developed by Brown are presented and the final conclusion is the Arc Translation Lemma, a counterpart of the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem for discrete dynamical systems. Applications to differential equations and discussions on the topology of the plane are the two themes that alternate throughout the five chapters of the book.
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This book is mainly intended as a textbook for students at the Sophomore-Junior level, majoring in mathematics, engineering, or the sciences in general. The book includes the basic topics in Ordinary Differential Equations, normally taught in an undergraduate class, as linear and nonlinear equations and systems, Bessel functions, Laplace transform, stability, etc. It is written with ample exibility to make it appropriate either as a course stressing applications, or a course stressing rigor and analytical thinking. This book also offers sufficient material for a one-semester graduate course, covering topics such as phase plane analysis, oscillation, Sturm-Liouville equations, Euler-Lagrange equations in Calculus of Variations, first and second order linear PDE in 2D. There are substantial lists of exercises at the ends of chapters. A solutions manual, containing complete and detailed solutions to all the exercises in the book, is available to instructors who adopt the book for teaching their classes.
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