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By the late Middle Ages, mendicant spiritual confraternities had developed a poor reputation. Their spiritual status was ill-identified: somewhere between requests for intercession, necrological commemoration, and pious associations. In the hands of the mendicants, they seemed to resemble what indulgences had supposedly become in the hands of the papacy: bait that was handed out to extort funds from the faithful while offering an apparently immediate access to Paradise. Thus, like indulgences, they seem to have been gradually emptied of their substance and denounced (even before Luther) as glaring evidence of the corruption of the Roman Church. Much recent scholarship has followed this negative portrait of spiritual confraternities — unless it has conflated them with other non-spiritual confraternities, or indeed ignored them altogether. This volume draws on the abundant number of letters of confraternity available from Hungarian sources in order to provide a more nuanced picture of mendicant spiritual confraternities. It sheds new light on the links between the mendicants and their supports among the laity, and emphasises the broader significance of the confraternity movement in late medieval piety in Central Europe and beyond.

Hungary --- Macaristan --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Magyar Népköztársaság --- Ungern --- Magyar Tanácsköztársaság --- Hungarian Republic --- Magyar Köztársaság (Republic) --- Oungaria --- Unkari --- Ungarn --- Hongrie --- Ungaria --- Ungheria --- Hungría --- Magyarország (Republic) --- Maďarsko --- Węgry --- Vengrii︠a︡ --- Hongarije --- VNR --- V.N.R. --- Hungaryah --- Hungari --- Hŏnggari --- Ungarii︠a︡ --- Republic of Hungary --- Hongaria --- Hongarye --- Republiek van Hongarye --- Macarıstan Respublikası --- Венгрыя --- Venhryi︠a︡ --- Mađarska --- Republika Mađarska --- Унгария --- Унгарската република --- Ungarskata republika --- Hongria --- República d'Hongria --- Republikang Unggaro --- Unggriya --- Mad̕arská republika --- Republica Ungrese --- Hwngari --- Gweriniaeth Hwngari --- Republik Ungarn --- Ungari --- Ungari Vabariik --- Ουγγαρία --- Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας --- Dēmokratia tēs Oungarias --- República de Hungría --- Hungario --- Hungarujo --- Hungara Respubliko --- Hungaria --- Hungariar Errepublika --- Hungariako Errepublika --- Tjóðveldið Ungarn --- République de Hongrie --- Ungáir --- Poblacht na hUngáire --- Ungaar --- Pobblaght ny h-Ungaar --- 헝가리 --- Hunakalia --- Republik Hongaria --- Ungverjaland --- Lýðveldið Ungverjaland --- הונגריה --- אונגארן --- Мажарстан --- Mazharstan --- Мажарстан Республикасы --- Mazharstan Respublikasy --- Венгрия --- Венгрия Республикасы --- Vengrii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Jamhuri ya Hungaria --- Madjaristan --- Repúvlika de Madjaristan --- רפובליקא דא מאגיאדיסטאן --- מאגיאדיסטאן --- Маджар --- Madzhar --- Маджар Республика --- Madzhar Respublika --- Respublica Hungarica --- Ungārija --- Ungārijas Republika --- Vengrija --- Vengrijos respublika --- Ungaïa --- Ungri --- Унгарија --- Република Унгарија --- Republika Ungarija --- Ungerija --- Hanekeria --- Унгар --- Ungar --- Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl Hungria --- Hongaarse Republiek --- ハンガリー --- Hangarī --- Hungrii --- Republikken Ungarn --- Ongria --- Republica d'Ongria --- Vengriya --- Vengriya Respublikasi --- Republika Węgierska --- República da Hungria --- Republica Ungară --- Republica Ungaria --- Венгерская Республика --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Lepulika o Hungary --- Republika e Hungarisë --- Unghirìa --- Madžarska --- Republika Madžarska --- Madźary --- Мађарска --- Република Мађарска --- Unkarin tasavalta --- Republiken Ungern --- Unggarya --- Republika ng Unggarya --- Majarstan Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Majoriston --- Macaristan Cumhuriyeti --- Угорщина --- Uhorshchyna --- Мадярщина --- Madi︠a︡rshchyna --- Угорська Республіка --- Uhorsʹka Respublika --- Oгорська Республіка --- Ohorsʹka Respublika --- Ongiri --- Oonguri --- Republik bu Oonguri --- Honharije --- Vengrėjė --- Vengrėjės Respoblėka --- 匈牙利 --- Xiongyali --- 匈牙利共和國 --- Xiongyali gong he guo --- Xiongyali Gongheguo --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Church history. --- Church history --- Sources. --- Magyar Republic --- Ongaria --- BNUU --- БНУУ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Ungar Uls

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"The book provides answers to the big question that few scholars dare to ask: why policies towards Roma in Europe are failing. After three rounds of policy-making specifically targeting Roma in Europe, it is the time for the academic community to explore the causes of the failure to effectively address the Roma predicament, requiring an interdisciplinary approach. The book analyses the issue from multiple perspectives and disciplines using policy analysis, discourse analysis, and legal analysis. In providing answers to the big question - why policies towards Roma are failing - the author focuses on the policy making process, the construction and categorization of Roma by different actors within this process. Rostas also analyses the policy concepts employed by policy makers over the last twenty-five years, the policy instruments used, and the institutional arrangements that govern the Roma-related issues"--

Romanies --- Romanies. --- Ethnic relations --- Politics and government. --- Government policy. --- Ethnic identity. --- Political aspects. --- Government policy --- Cultural assimilation --- Ethnic identity --- Politics and government --- Romania. --- Hungary. --- European Union countries. --- Czech Republic. --- Romania --- Hungary --- Czech Republic --- Bohemians (Romanies) --- Gipsies --- Gitanos --- Gypsies --- Kalderash --- Manush --- Roma (People) --- Romani --- Sinti --- Nomads --- Ethnic politics --- Czech Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia) --- Czechoslovakia --- Česká republika --- ČR --- Tschechische Republik --- Česko --- Czechia --- チェコ --- Cheko --- チェコ共和国 --- Cheko Kyōwakoku --- Tschechien --- Tschechenland --- Tschechei --- République tchèque --- República Checa --- Chequia --- Txèquia‏ --- Txeca --- República Txeca --- Češka --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Dēmokratia tēs Oungarias --- Gweriniaeth Hwngari --- Hanekeria --- Hangarī --- Hongaarse Republiek --- Hongaria --- Hongarije --- Hongarye --- Hŏnggari --- Hongria --- Hongrie --- Honharije --- Hunakalia --- Hungara Respubliko --- Hungari --- Hungaria --- Hungariako Errepublika --- Hungarian Republic --- Hungariar Errepublika --- Hungario --- Hungarujo --- Hungaryah --- Hungría --- Hungrii --- Hwngari --- Jamhuri ya Hungaria --- Lepulika o Hungary --- Lýðveldið Ungverjaland --- Macaristan --- Macaristan Cumhuriyeti --- Macarıstan Respublikası --- Mađarska --- Mad̕arská republika --- Maďarsko --- Madi︠a︡rshchyna --- Madjaristan --- Madžarska --- Madźary --- Madzhar --- Madzhar Respublika --- Magyar Köztársaság (Republic) --- Magyar Népköztársaság --- Magyar Republic --- Magyar Tanácsköztársaság --- Magyarország (Republic) --- Majarstan Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Majoriston --- Mazharstan --- Mazharstan Respublikasy --- Ohorsʹka Respublika --- Ongiri --- Ongria --- Oonguri --- Oungaria --- Oгорська Республіка --- Pobblaght ny h-Ungaar --- Poblacht na hUngáire --- Republic of Hungary --- República da Hungria --- República de Hungría --- República d'Hongria --- Republica d'Ongria --- Republica Ungară --- Republica Ungaria --- Republica Ungrese --- Republiek van Hongarye --- Republik bu Oonguri --- Republik Hongaria --- Republik Ungarn --- Republika e Hungarisë --- Republika Mađarska --- Republika Madžarska --- Republika ng Unggarya --- Republika Ungarija --- Republika Węgierska --- Republikang Unggaro --- Republiken Ungern --- Republikken Ungarn --- République de Hongrie --- Repúvlika de Madjaristan --- Respublica Hungarica --- Tjóðveldið Ungarn --- Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl Hungria --- Uhorshchyna --- Uhorsʹka Respublika --- Ungaar --- Ungaïa --- Ungáir --- Ungar --- Ungari --- Ungari Vabariik --- Ungaria --- Ungarii︠a︡ --- Ungārija --- Ungārijas Republika --- Ungarn --- Ungarskata republika --- Ungerija --- Ungern --- Unggarya --- Unggriya --- Ungheria --- Unghirìa --- Ungri --- Ungverjaland --- Unkari --- Unkarin tasavalta --- V.N.R. --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Vengrėjė --- Vengrėjės Respoblėka --- Vengrii︠a︡ --- Vengrii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Vengrija --- Vengrijos respublika --- Vengriya --- Vengriya Respublikasi --- Venhryi︠a︡ --- VNR --- Węgry --- Xiongyali --- Xiongyali gong he guo --- Xiongyali Gongheguo --- Ουγγαρία --- Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας --- Република Унгарија --- Република Мађарска --- Унгар --- Унгарската република --- Унгария --- Унгарија --- Угорська Республіка --- Угорщина --- Мажарстан --- Мажарстан Республикасы --- Мађарска --- Мадярщина --- Маджар --- Маджар Республика --- Венгрыя --- Венгрия --- Венгрия Республикасы --- Венгерская Республика --- אונגארן --- רפובליקא דא מאגיאדיסטאן --- מאגיאדיסטאן --- הונגריה --- ハンガリー --- 匈牙利 --- 匈牙利共和國 --- 헝가리 --- Moldavia --- Wallachia --- Government of Romania --- Lo-ma-ni-ya --- Luomaniya --- R.N.R. --- R.P.R. --- R.P. Romînă --- R.S.R. --- Republica Populară Romînă --- Republica Socialistă România --- Rhowmenia --- RNR --- Román Szocialista Köztársaság --- Romāniyā --- Romanyah --- Roumania --- Roumanie --- RP Romînă --- RPR --- RSR --- Rumania --- Rumänien --- Rumenyah --- Rumenye --- Rumunia --- Rumŭnii︠a︡ --- Rumunsko --- Rumynii︠a︡ --- Rumynskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Румыния --- ルーマニア --- 羅馬尼亞 --- 루마니아 --- Europe --- EU countries --- Euroland --- Ongaria --- 21st century, Ethnicity, European Union, Hungary, Integration, Romania, Romanies, Social policy. --- BNUU --- БНУУ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Ungar Uls --- Royaume de Roumanie