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Dress is a key marker of difference. It is closely attached to the body, part of the daily routine, and an unavoidable means of communication. The clothes people wear tell stories about their allegiances and identities but also about their exclusion and stigmatization. They allow for the display of wealth and can mercilessly display poverty and indigence. Clothes also enable people to play with identities and affinities: for instance, individuals can claim higher social status via their clothes. In many ways, dress is thus open to manipulation by the wearer and misinterpretation by the observer. Authorities-whether religious or secular, local or regional-have always aimed at imposing order on this potential muddle. This is particularly true for the early modern era, when the world became ever more complex. In Europe, the composition of societies diversified with the emergence of new social groups and increasing migration and travel. Thanks to intensified long-distance trade and technological developments, new fashionable clothes and accessories entered the market. With the emergence of a consumer culture, it was now the case that not only the extremely wealthy could afford at least the occasional indulgence in luxury items and accessories. Over recent years, research has focused on a variety of areas related to dress and appearance in the context of early-modern political, socio-economic, and cultural transformations both within Europe and related to its entanglement with other parts of the world. Nevertheless, a significant compartmentalization in the research on dress and appearance remains: research is often organized around particular cities and territories, and much research is still framed by modern national boundaries. This special issue looks at dress and its perception in Europe from a transcultural perspective and highlights the many differences that clothing can express.

European history --- Early modern history: c 1450/1500 to c 1700 --- body --- dress --- clothing --- transculturality

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This book situates witchcraft drama within its cultural and intellectual context, highlighting the centrality of scepticism and belief in witchcraft to the genre. It is argued that these categories are most fruitfully understood not as static and mutually exclusive positions within the debate around witchcraft, but as rhetorical tools used within it. In drama, too, scepticism and belief are vital issues. The psychology of the witch character is characterised by a combination of impious scepticism towards God and credulous belief in the tricks of the witch’s master, the devil. Plays which present plausible depictions of witches typically use scepticism as a support: the witch’s power is subject to important limitations which make it easier to believe. Plays that take witchcraft less seriously present witches with unrestrained power, an excess of belief which ultimately induces scepticism. But scepticism towards witchcraft can become a veneer of rationality concealing other beliefs that pass without sceptical examination. The theatrical representation of witchcraft powerfully demonstrates its uncertain status as a historical and intellectual phenomenon; belief and scepticism in witchcraft drama are always found together, in creative tension with one another.

Literary studies: plays & playwrights --- Early modern history: c 1450/1500 to c 1700

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Martin Achatz untersucht die Krisenbewältigung des Hauses Rothschild im Jahr 1848. Als überall in Europa Revolutionen ausbrachen, stürzten die politischen Verwerfungen und die Turbulenzen auf den Finanzmärkten die Rothschild-Banken in eine existenzielle Krise. Anhand des Briefwechsels zwischen den 1848 ausschließlich von Familienmitgliedern geführten Rothschild-Niederlassungen rekonstruiert der Autor, wie es den Rothschilds gelang, Krisenbewältigungsstrategien zu entwickeln und die Krise letztlich zu meistern. Seine Darstellung zeigt, dass der steile Aufstieg der Rothschilds aus dem Frankfurter Judenghetto zu den reichsten Männern ihrer Zeit keineswegs so kontinuierlich verlief, wie das bisher angenommen wurde. Der Inhalt Überblick über das Haus Rothschild Das Jahr 1948 als zeitlicher Rahmen Das Haus Rothschild und die Krise 1848 Die Zielgruppen Dozierende und Studierende der Neueren Geschichte, Bankengeschichte, Finanz- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte in europäischer Perspektive, Jüdischen Geschichte und Wirtschaftswissenschaften Der Autor Dr. Martin Achatz studierte Geschichte, Germanistik und Kunstgeschichte an der Universität Regensburg und forscht schwerpunktmäßig zur Bankengeschichte in europäischer Perspektive sowie zur jüdischen Geschichte.

History, Modern. --- Finance—History. --- Banks and banking. --- Modern History. --- Financial History. --- Banking. --- Rothschild family.

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Anlass der vorliegenden Arbeit war die sogenannte Agrarwende 2001 in Deutschland und insbesondere die Positionierung „Professoren mahnen zur Vernunft in der Agrarpolitik“. Gemahnt wurde jedoch nicht von ProfessorInnen der Agrarpolitik, sondern vielmehr von AgrarökonomInnen. Darin liegt eine Kernthematik dieser Arbeit, denn alle Professuren für Agrarpolitik an den Universitäten in Deutschland sind derzeit von ÖkonomInnen besetzt und diese dominieren auch die Wirtschafts-und Sozialwissenschaften aller Agrarfakultäten. Mit der institutionell, personell und thematisch umfassenden Historie beider Disziplinen, einschließlich der NS-Zeit, wird mit der vorliegenden Arbeit auf die alte und gleichzeitig aktuelle Frage, wie politisch Ökonomik ist und mit welchen Folgen sie agiert, am Beispiel des Agrarbereiches erstmals in dieser Breite eingegangen. Der Inhalt • Theorieentwicklung, Wissenschaftssoziologie und Performativität • Die Entwicklung der deutschen universitären Agrarpolitik und Agrarökonomik (1) ab den Anfängen bis 1933, (2) 1933 bis zur ersten Nachkriegsgeneration und (3) ab der ersten Nachkriegsgeneration bis ca. 2012; einschließlich Positionierungen zu bestehenden Geschichtsschreibungen Die Zielgruppen • Studierende und WissenschaftlerInnen der Agrarwissenschaft und -ökonomik • Im Bereich Agrarpolitik Engagierte Die Autorin Katrin Hirte ist aktuell wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut für die Gesamtanalyse der Wirtschaft (ICAE) der Universität Linz.

History. --- Economic history. --- History, Modern. --- History of Science. --- History of Economic Thought/Methodology. --- Modern History.

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Founded as an ecclesiastical center, trading hub, and intended capital of a feudal state, Riga was Old Livonia's greatest city and its indispensable port. Because the city was situated in what was initially remote and inhospitable territory, surrounded by pagans and coveted by regional powers like Poland, Sweden, and Muscovy, it was also a fortress encased by a wall.The House of Hemp and Butter begins in the twelfth century with the arrival to the eastern Baltic of German priests, traders, and knights, who conquered and converted the indigenous tribes and assumed mastery over their lands. It ends in 1710 with an account of the greatest war Livonia had ever seen, one that was accompanied by mass starvation, a terrible epidemic, and a flood of nearly Biblical proportions that devastated the city and left its survivors in misery.Readers will learn about Riga's people-merchants and clerics, craftsmen and builders, porters and day laborers-about its structures and spaces, its internal conflicts and its unrelenting struggle to maintain its independence against outside threats. The House of Hemp and Butter is an indispensable guide to a quintessentially European city located in one of the continent's more remote corners.

Medieval & Renaissance Studies. --- Medieval history, Early Modern history, urban studies, Russian history, Baltic studies. --- Urban Studies. --- Rīga (Latvia) --- History.