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La force de la figure est une forme d'abstraction qui recouvre l'essence utilitaire ou constructive de l'édifice. Dans cette raréfaction de l'édifice à sa forme, il y a recherche de l'exception ou de l'exceptionnel qui souvent étonne. Au-delà des tendances minimalistes actuelles, l'histoire de l'architecture nous désigne, comme des exemples remarquables, les édifices déclinants des figures élémentaires, plans, strictement carrés, elliptiques ou circulaires (le triangle étant du domaine de l'exception), reflets d'un idéal dont les copies dérivées seraient affectées de certains dérèglements contractés par l'adaptation aux contingences. [...] Chacun des exemples traités illustre une facette de la figure architectonique, quand elle sous-tend la logique d'une organisation spatiale. Il s'agit d'une approche qui se veut antihistorique et si possible de première main. En effet, si les figures continuent à faire sens à travers les âges, on peut s'attacher à décrire l'expérience de l'espace qu'elles continuent à nous transmettre sans avoir nécessairement besoin de connaître le milieu culturel dans lequel les œuvres ont été créées.

Villes --- Tissu urbain --- Composition (architecture) --- Histoire --- Analyse de l'architecture --- Rapport intérieur-extérieur --- Composition architecturale --- Architectonique --- Architecture --- Architectural design --- Cities and towns --- Land use, Urban --- Urban landscape architecture --- Design architectural --- Utilisation urbaine du sol --- Paysage urbain --- Philosophy. --- History --- Composition, proportion, etc. --- Philosophie --- Composition, proportions, etc. --- Villes - Histoire --- Forme (esthétique) --- Histoire. --- Forme (esthétique)

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Multidimensional assessment of human development is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in assessing well-being. The focus of analysis is on the indicators measuring the three dimensions of Human Development Index (HDI) — standard of living, education and health, and their relationship with public social spending for achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The study estimates the effects of public social spending on gross national income (GNI) per capita (in PPP in $), expected years of schooling and life expectancy for a sample of 68 countries. The relationship is robust to controlling for a variety of factors and the estimated magnitudes suggest a positive long-run effect of public educational spending on GNI per capita, public educational spending on expected years of schooling, and public health expenditures on life expectancy.

Government spending policy. --- Expenditures, Public --- Public spending policy --- Spending policy, Government --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Full employment policies --- Unfunded mandates --- Government policy --- Econometrics --- Public Finance --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Health: General --- Education: General --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models --- Discrete Regressors --- Proportions --- Public finance & taxation --- Health economics --- Education --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Expenditure --- Health --- Health care spending --- Logit models --- Econometric analysis --- Econometric models --- South Africa