Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

A trillion different microbial species have been evolving for some 3.5 billion years, producing ever more complex active secondary metabolites. The sea is a cauldron of a great diversity of useful and valuable compounds. This Special Issue focused on studies of marine microbe natural products for discovering compounds useful to humankind. Papers were collected that provide up-to-date information regarding the characterization of marine microbes’ metabolic diversity and the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of marine microbes’ metabolites. Most of the articles in this book deal with marine fungi, biological and chemical diversity, and their active metabolites. This may be a sign that marine fungi have been under studied to date and are perceived by many researchers as an important source of discovery in this field. A best practices guide for the isolation of marine fungi from different matrixes and their conservation is also presented. The comparison of the phylogenetic and metabolomic profiles of microalgae from different lineages provides novel insights into the potential of chemotaxonomy in marine phytoplankton, showing a good overlap of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic signals.

thiodiketopiperazines --- Geosmithia pallida --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- antioxidant --- biological control --- ecological role --- gentisyl alcohol --- multi-gene phylogeny --- tyrosinase inhibition --- marine fungi --- isolation --- culturing --- identification --- natural products --- secondary metabolites --- isocoumarin --- tryptamine --- Botryosphaeria ramose --- antifungal activity --- carotenoids --- optimization --- red yeast --- Rhodotorula sp. --- marine-derived Aspergillus fumigatus --- spiro-heterocyclic γ-lactam --- cephalimysins --- ophiobolins --- marine fungus --- Aspergillus flocculosus --- anti-proliferation --- biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) --- indole-diketopiperazine --- Penicillium brasilianum --- cytotoxicities --- fungal community --- phylogenetic analysis --- saltwork --- tidal flat --- chemotaxonomy --- phylogeny --- mamiellales --- galactolipids --- betaine lipids --- xanthophylls --- n/a

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. They cause deleterious effects on humans, animals, and plants. More than one hundred mycotoxins are known which contaminate food and feed raw materials. Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination can occur directly in fields (pre-harvest stage), during storage, or during industrial processing (post-harvest stage). Given the proven toxicity of mycotoxins and their widespread distribution, it is necessary to prevent their occurrence in food and feed. To limit mycotoxin contamination, several techniques can be adopted at the pre-harvest or post-harvest stages. These techniques can reduce mycotoxin concentration through fungal growth reduction or mechanisms leading to mycotoxin degradation or mycotoxin detoxification (i.e., reduction of the toxicity). Until very recently, fungicides were favored to limit mycotoxin contamination by reducing fungal growth. Nonetheless, the sanitary and environmental impacts of these products and their effects on food quality encourage the development of alternative strategies based on biocontrol agents (BCAs) or natural compounds. Moreover, in some cases, fungal growth reduction can stimulate mycotoxin production. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins is to gather the most recent advances related to reducing mycotoxin contamination in food and feed using BCAs and natural compounds. In this context, two main types of approaches can be proposed: Preventive methods that could be applied in the field, during storage, or during industrial processing and curative methods that detoxify contaminated matrices by eliminating the produced mycotoxin.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- antimycotoxigenic activity --- Citrullus colocynthis --- Aspergillus flavus --- model system --- HPLC-MS/MS --- fungal-bacterial interactions --- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens --- Fusarium graminearum --- Fengycin --- mycotoxins --- Alternaria alternata --- mycotoxin --- alternariol --- essential oil --- cell integrity --- oxidative stress --- Ochratoxin A --- biological control --- Qatari microflora --- Burkholderia cepacia --- thermostability --- antagonistic agents --- in vitro dual culture bioassay --- nutritional competition --- aflatoxin --- atoxigenic strain --- maize --- Serbia --- phenyllactic acid --- biocontrol agent --- T-2 toxin --- F. langsethiae --- F. sporotrichioides --- G. candidum --- mycotoxin. --- fullerol C60(OH)24 --- nanoparticles --- foodborne mycotoxigenic fungi --- secondary metabolism --- Aspergillus spp. --- Fusarium spp. --- Alternaria spp. --- Penicillium spp. --- n/a

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

A trillion different microbial species have been evolving for some 3.5 billion years, producing ever more complex active secondary metabolites. The sea is a cauldron of a great diversity of useful and valuable compounds. This Special Issue focused on studies of marine microbe natural products for discovering compounds useful to humankind. Papers were collected that provide up-to-date information regarding the characterization of marine microbes’ metabolic diversity and the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of marine microbes’ metabolites. Most of the articles in this book deal with marine fungi, biological and chemical diversity, and their active metabolites. This may be a sign that marine fungi have been under studied to date and are perceived by many researchers as an important source of discovery in this field. A best practices guide for the isolation of marine fungi from different matrixes and their conservation is also presented. The comparison of the phylogenetic and metabolomic profiles of microalgae from different lineages provides novel insights into the potential of chemotaxonomy in marine phytoplankton, showing a good overlap of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic signals.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- thiodiketopiperazines --- Geosmithia pallida --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- antioxidant --- biological control --- ecological role --- gentisyl alcohol --- multi-gene phylogeny --- tyrosinase inhibition --- marine fungi --- isolation --- culturing --- identification --- natural products --- secondary metabolites --- isocoumarin --- tryptamine --- Botryosphaeria ramose --- antifungal activity --- carotenoids --- optimization --- red yeast --- Rhodotorula sp. --- marine-derived Aspergillus fumigatus --- spiro-heterocyclic γ-lactam --- cephalimysins --- ophiobolins --- marine fungus --- Aspergillus flocculosus --- anti-proliferation --- biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) --- indole-diketopiperazine --- Penicillium brasilianum --- cytotoxicities --- fungal community --- phylogenetic analysis --- saltwork --- tidal flat --- chemotaxonomy --- phylogeny --- mamiellales --- galactolipids --- betaine lipids --- xanthophylls --- n/a

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Contamination of foods and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic fungi is a concerning issue for human and animal health. Moulds naturally present in foods can produce mycotoxins and contaminate foodstuffs under favourable conditions of temperature, relative humidity, pH, and nutrient availability. Mycotoxins are, in general, stable molecules that are difficult to remove from foods once they have been produced. Therefore, the prevention of mycotoxin contamination is one of the main goals of the agriculture and food industries. Chemical control or decontamination techniques may be quite efficient; however, the more sustainable and restricted use of fungicides, the lack of efficiency in some foods, and the consumer demand for chemical-residue-free foods require new approaches to control this hazard. Therefore, food safety demands continued research efforts for exploring new strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination. This Special Issue contains original contributions and reviews that advance the knowledge about the most current promising approaches to minimize mycotoxin contamination, including biological control agents, phytochemical antifungal compounds, enzyme detoxification, and the use of novel technologies.

n/a --- decontamination --- superheated steam --- quercetin glycosides --- antagonism --- mode of action --- corn --- Botrytis sp. --- AITC --- binding --- degradation --- brine shrimp bioassay --- apple pomace --- nanoparticles --- enzymatic detoxification --- Bacillus --- estrogen response element --- Fusarium --- biological detoxification --- abiotic factors --- stability --- fumonisin esterase FumD --- mycotoxigenic fungi --- Aspergillus flavus --- Aflatoxin M1 --- Fusarium graminearum --- milk --- Penicillium digitatum --- biocontrol agents --- biological control --- dry-cured ham --- mycotoxin reduction --- Fusarium sp. --- enzyme kinetics --- Penicillium nordicum --- Satureja montana --- roasted coffee --- fermentation --- crisp biscuit --- detoxification --- essential oils --- gene expression --- probiotics --- zearalenone --- mycotoxins --- degradation products --- Geothrichum citri-aurantii --- garlic-derived extracts --- Zearalenone --- biodegradation --- EU limits --- storage --- Origanum virens --- aflatoxin --- fungal growth reduction --- green chemistry --- Penicillium italicum --- deoxynivalenol --- ?-Fe2O3 --- ochratoxin A (OTA) --- wheat --- cell-free extracts of Aspergillus oryzae --- photocatalysis --- wheat quality --- post-harvest phytopathogen --- cold plasma --- pinnatifidanoside D --- ochratoxin A --- oats --- cell proliferation --- estrogen receptor --- Penicillium verrucosum --- pig production performance --- phloridzin --- maize --- biotransformation --- fumonisin --- fungi

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Mycotoxins are a Public Health concern that in last year have reached the top 10 food and product hazard categories in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), with almost six hundred notifications. The toxicological effects of mycotoxins are evaluated through the extrapolation of results from in vivo and in vitro assays. Studies of mycotoxins’ effects at the cellular level precede those in organs and systems. All these studies are key steps for risk assessment and following legislation for mycotoxins. This Special Issue of Toxins comprises 10 original contributions and two reviews. The Issue reports new findings regarding toxic mechanisms, the use of innovative techniques to study the potential toxicity of mycotoxins not only individually but in combination, reflecting a real scenario according to current studies of mycotoxins.

Medicine --- Destruxin A --- Bombyx mori --- binding protein --- BmTudor-sn --- Bm12 cell --- Ochratoxin A (OTA) --- human Stem Cells --- mycotoxins --- cells --- cytotoxicity --- cell culture --- T-2 toxin --- HT-2 toxin --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- endophyte --- fungi --- neurotoxin --- lolitrems --- ochratoxin A --- beauvericin --- mixtures --- HepG2 cells --- genotoxicity --- cell cycle --- Fusarium --- Aspergillus --- Penicillium --- Alternaria --- emerging mycotoxin --- in vitro --- IPEC-J2 --- occurrence data --- trichothecene --- biosynthetic pathway --- acetyltransferase --- deacetylase --- deoxynivalenol --- 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol --- isotrichodermol --- isotrichodermin --- differentiated Caco-2 cells --- cell apoptosis --- transcriptome analysis --- hepatocyte --- chicken --- acute toxicity --- combined toxicity --- cell protection --- silibinin --- in silico prediction --- co-culture models --- mycotoxin interaction --- Loewe additivity --- combination index --- isobologram --- Chou-Talalay method --- MixLow --- IPEC-J2 cells --- RNA-seq --- inflammation --- MAPKs --- n/a --- Medicine.