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Although free radicals perform some useful immune functions, they can also damage healthy cells through a process called oxidation. Antioxidants reduce the effect of free radicals by binding together with these harmful molecules, decreasing their destructive power. This book highlights various issues of free radical biology from the perspective of antioxidant defense mechanisms. It also provides useful information on gene modulation, radiation-generated reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis in cancer, and environmental aspects associated with free radicals' exposure on living systems.

Free radicals (Chemistry) --- Physiological effect.

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Free radicals (Chemistry) --- Radicals (Chemistry) --- Free radical reactions

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Cancer is a great challenge to efficient therapy due to biological diversity. Disturbed oxidative homeostasis in cancer cells certainly contributes to differential therapy response. Further, one of the hallmarks of cancer cells is adaptation which includes fine tuning of the cellular metabolic and signalling pathways as well as transcription profiles. There are several factors which contribute to the tumor diversity and therapy response, and oxidative stress is certainly one of them. Changes in oxygen levels due to hypoxia/reoxygenation during tumor growth modulate antioxidative patterns finally supporting increased cell diversity and adaptation to stressing conditions. Additionally, cancer chemotherapy based on ROS production can also induce also adaptation. To counteract these negative effects natural products are often used for their antioxidant activities as well as photodynamic therapy supported by novel chemosensitizers. Understanding of possible pathways which can trigger antioxidant defence at a certain time during cancer development can also provide possible strategies in fighting cancer.

Technology: general issues --- NQO1 --- NQO1*2 --- polymorphism --- quinone --- breast cancer --- menadione --- lapachone --- doxorubicin --- ascorbate --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- sperm --- cancer chemotherapy --- antioxidant therapy --- antioxidant proteins --- chemoresistance --- oxaliplatin --- 5-Fluorouracil --- myelodysplastic syndromes --- carbonylation --- deferasirox --- ovary --- calcium channel --- Trolox --- granulosa cell tumor --- cell death --- mitochondria --- photodynamic therapy --- singlet oxygen --- nitric oxide --- light --- combination therapy --- antioxidants --- bleomycin --- cancer treatment --- chemotherapy-induced toxicity --- cisplatin --- free radicals --- methotrexate --- ozone therapy --- lung cancer --- cancer metabolism --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- therapy resistance --- new therapeutic strategies --- breast cancer stem cells --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- extracellular matrix --- NRF2 --- bardoxolone methyl --- prostate cancer --- castration-resistant prostate cancer --- androgen receptor (AR), AR-V7 --- anti-androgen --- enzalutamide --- androgen deprivation therapy --- cancer --- antioxidant --- triphala --- ayurveda --- chemoprevention and chemotherapy --- NQO1 --- NQO1*2 --- polymorphism --- quinone --- breast cancer --- menadione --- lapachone --- doxorubicin --- ascorbate --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- sperm --- cancer chemotherapy --- antioxidant therapy --- antioxidant proteins --- chemoresistance --- oxaliplatin --- 5-Fluorouracil --- myelodysplastic syndromes --- carbonylation --- deferasirox --- ovary --- calcium channel --- Trolox --- granulosa cell tumor --- cell death --- mitochondria --- photodynamic therapy --- singlet oxygen --- nitric oxide --- light --- combination therapy --- antioxidants --- bleomycin --- cancer treatment --- chemotherapy-induced toxicity --- cisplatin --- free radicals --- methotrexate --- ozone therapy --- lung cancer --- cancer metabolism --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- therapy resistance --- new therapeutic strategies --- breast cancer stem cells --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- extracellular matrix --- NRF2 --- bardoxolone methyl --- prostate cancer --- castration-resistant prostate cancer --- androgen receptor (AR), AR-V7 --- anti-androgen --- enzalutamide --- androgen deprivation therapy --- cancer --- antioxidant --- triphala --- ayurveda --- chemoprevention and chemotherapy

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Cancer is a great challenge to efficient therapy due to biological diversity. Disturbed oxidative homeostasis in cancer cells certainly contributes to differential therapy response. Further, one of the hallmarks of cancer cells is adaptation which includes fine tuning of the cellular metabolic and signalling pathways as well as transcription profiles. There are several factors which contribute to the tumor diversity and therapy response, and oxidative stress is certainly one of them. Changes in oxygen levels due to hypoxia/reoxygenation during tumor growth modulate antioxidative patterns finally supporting increased cell diversity and adaptation to stressing conditions. Additionally, cancer chemotherapy based on ROS production can also induce also adaptation. To counteract these negative effects natural products are often used for their antioxidant activities as well as photodynamic therapy supported by novel chemosensitizers. Understanding of possible pathways which can trigger antioxidant defence at a certain time during cancer development can also provide possible strategies in fighting cancer.

Technology: general issues --- NQO1 --- NQO1*2 --- polymorphism --- quinone --- breast cancer --- menadione --- lapachone --- doxorubicin --- ascorbate --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- sperm --- cancer chemotherapy --- antioxidant therapy --- antioxidant proteins --- chemoresistance --- oxaliplatin --- 5-Fluorouracil --- myelodysplastic syndromes --- carbonylation --- deferasirox --- ovary --- calcium channel --- Trolox --- granulosa cell tumor --- cell death --- mitochondria --- photodynamic therapy --- singlet oxygen --- nitric oxide --- light --- combination therapy --- antioxidants --- bleomycin --- cancer treatment --- chemotherapy-induced toxicity --- cisplatin --- free radicals --- methotrexate --- ozone therapy --- lung cancer --- cancer metabolism --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- therapy resistance --- new therapeutic strategies --- breast cancer stem cells --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- extracellular matrix --- NRF2 --- bardoxolone methyl --- prostate cancer --- castration-resistant prostate cancer --- androgen receptor (AR), AR-V7 --- anti-androgen --- enzalutamide --- androgen deprivation therapy --- cancer --- antioxidant --- triphala --- ayurveda --- chemoprevention and chemotherapy --- n/a

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Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are the most common pathologies of the central nervous system currently without a cure. They share common molecular and cellular characteristics, including protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate toxicity, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and ageing, which contribute to neuronal death. Efforts to treat these diseases are often limited by their multifactorial etiology. Natural products, thanks to their multitarget activities, are considered promising alternatives for the treatment of neurodegeneration. This book deals with two different forms of natural products: extracts and isolated compounds. The study of the bioactivity of the extracts is extremely important as many studies have demonstrated the synergistic effect of the combination of different natural products. On the other hand, the investigation of the activity of specifically isolated natural products can be also important to understand their cellular and molecular mechanisms and to define the specific bioactive components in extracts or foods. This book can be considered an important contribution to knowledge of the neuroprotective effect of natural products and presents a great deal of information, related to both the benefits but also the limitations of their use in counteracting neurodegeneration.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Vitamin D --- Multiple Sclerosis --- symptom --- neurodegeneration --- oxidative injury --- Parkinson's disease --- terpenes, rotenone --- thymol --- Alzheimer's disease --- Centella asiatica --- hippocampus --- protein poshophatase 2 --- glycogen synthase kinase 3 --- B-cell lymphoma 2 --- neuroprotection --- nutraceuticals --- bioavailability --- stress response --- neurodegenerative disease --- bioactive compound --- natural extract --- β-amyloid peptide --- tau protein --- clinical trial --- human studies --- animal studies --- in vitro studies --- curcumin --- free radicals --- heme oxygenase --- safety profile --- type 2 diabetes --- inflammation --- vascular damage --- learning --- memory --- natural compound --- oxidative stress --- cognitive dysfunction --- cell death --- synapse loss --- protein aggregation --- neuroinflammation --- algae --- seaweeds --- neurodegenerative diseases --- auraptene --- dopamine neuron --- antioxidant --- mitochondria --- Chionanthus retusus --- flavonoid --- flower --- HO-1 --- NO --- Lippia citriodora --- VEE --- Vs --- relaxation --- depression --- cyclic AMP --- calcium --- blood-brain barrier --- catechin --- cognition --- epigallocatechin gallate --- green tea --- microbiota --- 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone --- ascaroside pheromone --- C. elegans --- dauer --- neuronal signaling --- sexual behavior --- survival signals --- proteostasis --- chaperones --- autophagy --- ubiquitin-proteasome --- unfolded protein response --- natural compounds --- natural products --- ethics --- patients' autonomy --- beneficence --- nonmaleficence --- medical liability --- Parkinson's disease (PD) --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- dynamics --- hormesis --- ubiquitin‒proteasome system (UPS) --- mitophagy --- Vitamin D --- Multiple Sclerosis --- symptom --- neurodegeneration --- oxidative injury --- Parkinson's disease --- terpenes, rotenone --- thymol --- Alzheimer's disease --- Centella asiatica --- hippocampus --- protein poshophatase 2 --- glycogen synthase kinase 3 --- B-cell lymphoma 2 --- neuroprotection --- nutraceuticals --- bioavailability --- stress response --- neurodegenerative disease --- bioactive compound --- natural extract --- β-amyloid peptide --- tau protein --- clinical trial --- human studies --- animal studies --- in vitro studies --- curcumin --- free radicals --- heme oxygenase --- safety profile --- type 2 diabetes --- inflammation --- vascular damage --- learning --- memory --- natural compound --- oxidative stress --- cognitive dysfunction --- cell death --- synapse loss --- protein aggregation --- neuroinflammation --- algae --- seaweeds --- neurodegenerative diseases --- auraptene --- dopamine neuron --- antioxidant --- mitochondria --- Chionanthus retusus --- flavonoid --- flower --- HO-1 --- NO --- Lippia citriodora --- VEE --- Vs --- relaxation --- depression --- cyclic AMP --- calcium --- blood-brain barrier --- catechin --- cognition --- epigallocatechin gallate --- green tea --- microbiota --- 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone --- ascaroside pheromone --- C. elegans --- dauer --- neuronal signaling --- sexual behavior --- survival signals --- proteostasis --- chaperones --- autophagy --- ubiquitin-proteasome --- unfolded protein response --- natural compounds --- natural products --- ethics --- patients' autonomy --- beneficence --- nonmaleficence --- medical liability --- Parkinson's disease (PD) --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- dynamics --- hormesis --- ubiquitin‒proteasome system (UPS) --- mitophagy