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The chemistry of nickel in biological systems has been intensely investigated since the discovery of the essential role played by this transition metal in the enzyme urease, ca. 1975. Since then, several nickel-dependent enzymes have been discovered and characterized at the molecular level using structural, spectroscopic, and kinetic methods, and insight into reaction mechanisms has been elaborated using synthetic and computational models. The dual role of nickel as both an essential nutrient and as a toxin has prompted efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of nickel toxicology and to uncover the means by which cells select nickel from among a pool of different and more readily available metal ions and thus regulate the intracellular chemistry of nickel. This latter effort highlights the importance of proteins involved in the extra- and intra-cellular sensing of nickel, the roles of nickel-selective proteins for import and export, and nickel-responsive transcription factors, all of which are important for regulating nickel homeostasis. In this Special Issue, the contributing authors have covered recent advances in many of these aspects of nickel biochemistry, including toxicology, bacterial pathogenesis, carcinogenesis, computational and synthetic models, nickel trafficking proteins, and enzymology.

Research & information: general --- InrS --- nickel-dependent transcriptional regulators --- molecular modelling --- nickel --- hydrogenase --- urease --- Ni-enzymes --- pathogens --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- lncRNA --- lung carcinogenesis --- histidine-rich protein --- carbon monoxide dehydrogenase --- nickel chaperone --- nickel-induced oligomerization --- urease maturation --- metallochaperone --- G-protein --- conformational change --- bioavailability --- carcinogenicity --- genotoxicity --- allergy --- reproductive --- asthma --- nanoparticles --- ecotoxicity --- environment --- biological nickel sites --- nickel-thiolates --- dinuclear nickel metallopeptides --- thiolate oxidative damage --- nickel enzymes --- reaction mechanism --- quantum chemical calculations --- glyoxalase --- streptomyces --- mycothiol --- metalloenzyme --- AD11 --- nickel-dependent enzyme --- methionine salvage pathway --- methionine --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) --- methylthioadenosine (MTA) --- enolase phosphatase 1 (ENOPH1) --- polyamine --- matrix metalloproteinase MT1 (MT1-MMP) --- metalloregulator --- chaperone --- [NiFe]-hydrogenase --- n/a

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The chemistry of nickel in biological systems has been intensely investigated since the discovery of the essential role played by this transition metal in the enzyme urease, ca. 1975. Since then, several nickel-dependent enzymes have been discovered and characterized at the molecular level using structural, spectroscopic, and kinetic methods, and insight into reaction mechanisms has been elaborated using synthetic and computational models. The dual role of nickel as both an essential nutrient and as a toxin has prompted efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of nickel toxicology and to uncover the means by which cells select nickel from among a pool of different and more readily available metal ions and thus regulate the intracellular chemistry of nickel. This latter effort highlights the importance of proteins involved in the extra- and intra-cellular sensing of nickel, the roles of nickel-selective proteins for import and export, and nickel-responsive transcription factors, all of which are important for regulating nickel homeostasis. In this Special Issue, the contributing authors have covered recent advances in many of these aspects of nickel biochemistry, including toxicology, bacterial pathogenesis, carcinogenesis, computational and synthetic models, nickel trafficking proteins, and enzymology.

InrS --- nickel-dependent transcriptional regulators --- molecular modelling --- nickel --- hydrogenase --- urease --- Ni-enzymes --- pathogens --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- lncRNA --- lung carcinogenesis --- histidine-rich protein --- carbon monoxide dehydrogenase --- nickel chaperone --- nickel-induced oligomerization --- urease maturation --- metallochaperone --- G-protein --- conformational change --- bioavailability --- carcinogenicity --- genotoxicity --- allergy --- reproductive --- asthma --- nanoparticles --- ecotoxicity --- environment --- biological nickel sites --- nickel-thiolates --- dinuclear nickel metallopeptides --- thiolate oxidative damage --- nickel enzymes --- reaction mechanism --- quantum chemical calculations --- glyoxalase --- streptomyces --- mycothiol --- metalloenzyme --- AD11 --- nickel-dependent enzyme --- methionine salvage pathway --- methionine --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) --- methylthioadenosine (MTA) --- enolase phosphatase 1 (ENOPH1) --- polyamine --- matrix metalloproteinase MT1 (MT1-MMP) --- metalloregulator --- chaperone --- [NiFe]-hydrogenase --- n/a

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Since the turn of the last century when the field of catalysis was born, iron and cobalt have been key players in numerous catalysis processes. These metals, due to their ability to activate CO and CH, haev a major economic impact worldwide. Several industrial processes and synthetic routes use these metals: biomass-to-liquids (BTL), coal-to-liquids (CTL), natural gas-to-liquids (GTL), water-gas-shift, alcohol synthesis, alcohol steam reforming, polymerization processes, cross-coupling reactions, and photocatalyst activated reactions. A vast number of materials are produced from these processes, including oil, lubricants, waxes, diesel and jet fuels, hydrogen (e.g., fuel cell applications), gasoline, rubbers, plastics, alcohols, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, feed-stock chemicals, and other alternative materials. However, given the true complexities of the variables involved in these processes, many key mechanistic issues are still not fully defined or understood. This Special Issue of Catalysis will be a collaborative effort to combine current catalysis research on these metals from experimental and theoretical perspectives on both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. We welcome contributions from the catalysis community on catalyst characterization, kinetics, reaction mechanism, reactor development, theoretical modeling, and surface science.

Technology: general issues --- polynuclear cobalt complexes --- water oxidation --- artificial photosynthesis --- Fe/Cu catalytic-ceramic-filler --- nitrobenzene compounds wastewater --- pilot-scale test --- biodegradability-improvement --- Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) --- oxygenates --- iron --- cobalt --- ruthenium --- Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution --- Fischer–Tropsch --- catalyst deactivation --- potassium --- liquid-phase catalytic oxidation --- limonene --- carvone --- zeolitic imidazolate frameworks --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- chain growth --- CO insertion --- kinetic isotope effect --- DFT --- hydrogenation of CO --- iron catalysts --- syngas --- monometallic iron catalysts --- Fischer–Tropsch product distribution --- reaction mechanism --- catalysis --- process synthesis and design --- energy conversion --- iron–cobalt bimetal catalysts --- electrochemical application --- hydrogen evolution --- oxygen evolution --- oxygen reduction --- RWGS --- iron oxides --- CO2 conversion --- gas-switching --- Synthetic natural gas (SNG) --- Cobalt --- Iron --- C2–C4 hydrocarbons --- paraffin ratio --- asymmetric hydrogenation --- homogeneous catalysis --- structural design --- conformational analysis --- NMR spectroscopy --- alumina --- strong metal support interactions --- CO2 hydrogenation --- pressure --- temperature --- cobalt carboxylate --- coating --- autoxidation --- alkyd --- siccative --- polymerization --- manganese --- Fischer–Tropsch synthesis --- modeling --- kinetics --- Co --- Al2O3 --- Pt --- Cd --- In --- Sn --- hydrocarbon selectivity --- synergic effect --- GTL --- additives --- reducibility --- XANES --- mesoporous silica based catalysts --- kinetic studies --- 3-D printed microchannel microreactor --- cobalt–nickel nanoparticles --- cobalt–nickel alloys --- nickel --- HAADF-STEM --- TPR-EXAFS/XANES --- CO hydrogenation --- CSTR --- n/a --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) --- Fischer-Tropsch --- Fischer-Tropsch product distribution --- iron-cobalt bimetal catalysts --- C2-C4 hydrocarbons --- cobalt-nickel nanoparticles --- cobalt-nickel alloys

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Since the turn of the last century when the field of catalysis was born, iron and cobalt have been key players in numerous catalysis processes. These metals, due to their ability to activate CO and CH, haev a major economic impact worldwide. Several industrial processes and synthetic routes use these metals: biomass-to-liquids (BTL), coal-to-liquids (CTL), natural gas-to-liquids (GTL), water-gas-shift, alcohol synthesis, alcohol steam reforming, polymerization processes, cross-coupling reactions, and photocatalyst activated reactions. A vast number of materials are produced from these processes, including oil, lubricants, waxes, diesel and jet fuels, hydrogen (e.g., fuel cell applications), gasoline, rubbers, plastics, alcohols, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, feed-stock chemicals, and other alternative materials. However, given the true complexities of the variables involved in these processes, many key mechanistic issues are still not fully defined or understood. This Special Issue of Catalysis will be a collaborative effort to combine current catalysis research on these metals from experimental and theoretical perspectives on both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. We welcome contributions from the catalysis community on catalyst characterization, kinetics, reaction mechanism, reactor development, theoretical modeling, and surface science.

polynuclear cobalt complexes --- water oxidation --- artificial photosynthesis --- Fe/Cu catalytic-ceramic-filler --- nitrobenzene compounds wastewater --- pilot-scale test --- biodegradability-improvement --- Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) --- oxygenates --- iron --- cobalt --- ruthenium --- Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution --- Fischer–Tropsch --- catalyst deactivation --- potassium --- liquid-phase catalytic oxidation --- limonene --- carvone --- zeolitic imidazolate frameworks --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- chain growth --- CO insertion --- kinetic isotope effect --- DFT --- hydrogenation of CO --- iron catalysts --- syngas --- monometallic iron catalysts --- Fischer–Tropsch product distribution --- reaction mechanism --- catalysis --- process synthesis and design --- energy conversion --- iron–cobalt bimetal catalysts --- electrochemical application --- hydrogen evolution --- oxygen evolution --- oxygen reduction --- RWGS --- iron oxides --- CO2 conversion --- gas-switching --- Synthetic natural gas (SNG) --- Cobalt --- Iron --- C2–C4 hydrocarbons --- paraffin ratio --- asymmetric hydrogenation --- homogeneous catalysis --- structural design --- conformational analysis --- NMR spectroscopy --- alumina --- strong metal support interactions --- CO2 hydrogenation --- pressure --- temperature --- cobalt carboxylate --- coating --- autoxidation --- alkyd --- siccative --- polymerization --- manganese --- Fischer–Tropsch synthesis --- modeling --- kinetics --- Co --- Al2O3 --- Pt --- Cd --- In --- Sn --- hydrocarbon selectivity --- synergic effect --- GTL --- additives --- reducibility --- XANES --- mesoporous silica based catalysts --- kinetic studies --- 3-D printed microchannel microreactor --- cobalt–nickel nanoparticles --- cobalt–nickel alloys --- nickel --- HAADF-STEM --- TPR-EXAFS/XANES --- CO hydrogenation --- CSTR --- n/a --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) --- Fischer-Tropsch --- Fischer-Tropsch product distribution --- iron-cobalt bimetal catalysts --- C2-C4 hydrocarbons --- cobalt-nickel nanoparticles --- cobalt-nickel alloys

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Electrochemical capacitors are being increasingly introduced in energy storage devices, for example, in automobiles, renewable energies, and mobile terminals. This book includes five high-quality papers that can lead to technological developments in electrochemical capacitors. The first paper describes the effect of the milling degree of activated carbon particles used in the electrodes on the supercapacitive performance of an electric double-layer capacitor. The second, fourth, and fifth papers describe novel electrode materials that have the potential to enhance the performance of next-generation electrochemical capacitors. Nickel molybdate/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite, copper-decorated carbon nanotubes, and nickel hydroxide/activated carbon composite are tested, and are shown to be promising candidates for next-generation electrochemical capacitors. The third paper reports the hybrid utilization of electrochemical capacitors with other types of energy devices (photovoltaics, fuel cells, and batteries) in a DC microgrid, which ensures wider applications of electrochemical capacitors in the near future. The knowledge and experience in this book are beneficial in manufacturing and utilizing electrochemical capacitors. Cutting-edge knowledge related to novel electrode nano-materials is also helpful to design next-generation electrochemical capacitors. This book delivers useful information to specialists involved in energy storage technologies.

History of engineering & technology --- CNT --- copper --- composite --- energy storage --- DC microgrid --- energy management --- hybrid power system --- energy efficiency --- nickel-cobalt hydroxide --- activated carbon --- hybrid capacitor prototype case study --- KOH aqueous electrolyte energy storage device --- coin-cell prototype --- electrochemical performance --- starch --- porous structure --- NiMoO4/3D-rGO nanocomposite --- NiMoO4 NPs --- ball milling --- electric double-layer capacitor --- supercapacitor --- electrode --- specific capacitance --- energy density --- power density