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Depuis l'avènement de l'internet grand public dans les années 1990, le web a été perçu comme un outil au service de la liberté d'expression. Mais face à la montée de la désinformation et des discours de haine, une régulation nouvelle se met en place. Les Etats légifèrent pour encadrer les prises de parole en ligne. Les grandes entreprises du numérique se voient octroyer des pouvoirs de filtrage et de blocage.Le problème survient lorsque l'opacité de ces opérations transforme la modération en censure. Il est urgent d'inventer une régulation démocratique des contenus sur internet, afin que celui-ci demeure pour tous et toutes un espace de débat, d'engagement et de liberté. Romain Badouard est maître de conférences en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'université Paris II Panthéon-Assas, chercheur au laboratoire CARISM de l'Institut français de presse.Il a notamment publié Le Désenchantement de l'internet (FYP, 2017).

Internet governance. --- Freedom of speech. --- Internet --- Censorship --- Political aspects --- Law and legislation --- Social media --- Censorship. --- User-generated content --- Management --- Internet - Law and legislation --- Internet - Censorship --- Social media - Censorship --- User-generated content - Management --- Web. --- Liberté d'expression. --- Censure.

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Employés par des sous-traitants aux quatre coins du monde, les modératrices et modérateurs de contenu sont les travailleurs de l'ombre chargés de purger les sites Internet, les réseaux sociaux et les applications mobiles des photos, vidéos ou commentaires abjects qui les inondent : propos haineux, cyber-harcèlement, injures racistes ou sexistes, automutilations et tortures, viols et décapitations, pédophilie...À travers des dizaines d'entretiens menés avec ces collecteurs de déchets numériques dans les zones rurales de l'Iowa, dans la Silicon Valley, au Canada et aux Philippines, cette enquête met au jour l'économie souterraine d'une industrie dont les coulisses tranchent avec le progressisme revendiqué. À rebours de l'optimisme libertaire des pionniers du Web, le filtrage des torrents de violence, de pornographie et de fiel déversés sur nos écrans s'impose aujourd'hui comme une tâche à la fois indispensable et sisyphéenne. Ses enjeux en termes de réglementation de la liberté d'expression et de délimitation des frontières du dicible et du montrable à l'échelle planétaire restent néanmoins largement ignorés.Alors que les controverses autour des fake news, des discours de haine et du harcèlement en ligne obligent peu à peu les plateformes à rompre l'illusion d'une modération " automatique ", Sarah Roberts révèle les conditions de travail des substituts de l'" intelligence artificielle " et les risques psychologiques auxquels sont exposés celles et ceux dont le quotidien connecté consiste à visionner à la chaîne des contenus insoutenables pour que nous n'y soyons pas confrontés.

Social media --- User-generated content --- Internet governance --- Censorship --- Management --- Animateurs de communautés virtuelles --- Médias sociaux --- Personnel --- Économie numérique. --- Travail précaire --- Réseaux sociaux (Internet) --- Gouvernance d'Internet. --- Internet governance. --- Conditions de travail. --- Aspect économique. --- Effets des innovations technologiques. --- Censure. --- Censorship. --- Management. --- Social media - Censorship --- Social media - Management --- User-generated content - Censorship --- User-generated content - Management

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This book provides an in-depth insight into what is currently known and relatively unknown about youths' online peer engagement. It delivers state-of-the-art current reviews of the literature in the field, with a strong coverage of methodological issues in studying online friendships and an emphasis on moving towards a new, less dichotomic, view of online peer interaction in adolescence. With a focus on what spending time with online-exclusive peers entails -in terms of both potential positive as well as negative consequences for friendship quality, intimacy, and well-being -this book offers a more nuanced commentary on youths' online peer engagement. Including coverage of the evolution of online friendships, cyberbullying, cyberdating, sexting, online abuse, smartphones, social networks, as well as their impact on adolescent social interaction online, Van Zalk and Monks consider implications for future research directions and practical applications. Online Peer Engagement in Adolescence is important reading for undergraduate and master students studying social and developmental psychology, education, relationships and health, as well as advanced researchers and academics working in these fields.

PSYCHOLOGY / General --- PSYCHOLOGY / Developmental / Adolescent --- Internet and teenagers. --- Teenagers --- Social media --- Social networks. --- Psychological aspects. --- User-generated media --- Communication --- User-generated content --- Teenagers' networks --- Teenagers and the Internet

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‘’Empirically rich and theoretically innovative, this book advances our understanding of the constantly changing dynamic between international conflict and its mediation. With its compelling case studies, Shixin Zhang’s monograph makes a valuable contribution to the literature on Chinese social media in conflict situations.’’ - Daya K. Thussu, Professor of International Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong This book explores the media and conflict relationship in the age of social media through the lens of China. Inspired by the concepts of medialization of conflict and actor-network theory, this book centers on four main actors in wars and conflicts: social media platform, mainstream news organizations, online users and social media content. These four human and non-human actors associate, interact and negotiate with each other in the social media network. The central argument is that social media is playing an enabling role in contemporary wars and conflicts. Both professional media outlets and web users employ the functionalities of social media platforms to set, counter-set or expand the online public agenda. Social media platform embodies a web of technological and human complexities with different actors, factors, interests, and power relations. These four actors and the macro social-political context are influential in the medialization of conflict in the social media era. Shixin Ivy Zhang (Ph.D. University of Leeds) is Associate Professor in Journalism Studies at University of Nottingham Ningbo China. She is the author of two research monographs entitled Impact of Globalization on the Local Press in China (2014) and Chinese War Correspondents: Covering Wars and Conflicts in the 21st Century (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016). .

Communication. --- Mass media. --- Social media. --- Ethnology—Asia. --- Media and Communication. --- Media Sociology. --- Social Media. --- Asian Culture. --- User-generated media --- Communication --- User-generated content --- Mass communication --- Media, Mass --- Media, The --- Communication, Primitive --- Sociology --- Social media --- Influence.

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The 2016 US election highlighted the potential for foreign governments to employ social media for strategic advantages, but the particular mechanisms through which social media affect international politics are underdeveloped. This Element shows that the populace often seeks to navigate complex issues of foreign policy through social media, which can amplify information and tilt the balance of support on these issues. In this context, the open media environment of a democracy is particularly susceptible to foreign influence whereas the comparatively closed media environment of a non-democracy provides efficient ways for these governments to promote regime survival.

Social media. --- International relations. --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- User-generated media --- Communication --- User-generated content