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The term 'market' originally portrayed a public space for economic transactions but the term has since evolved into an abstract and disputed idea. Despite modern markets seemingly omnipresent nature, their specific geographies have undergone relatively little analysis.

This collection of new essays rediscovers the physical space that markets inhabit and explore how the impact of political, social and economic factors determine the shape of a particular market space. The essays present new research from the fields of geography, economics, political economy and planning and provide valuable case study material to show how markets are contested, constructed and placed. Rather than separate markets from the surrounding society and state, these essays connect markets to their wider context and showcase how economic geography can combine with other disciplines to throw new light on spaces of exchange.

Markets. --- Economic geography.

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Markets --- Social aspects.

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This study assesses the state of markets and of jobs in market-linked agriculture in the towns of South Sudan. It is based on a 2019 market trader survey end extensive qualitative work. Agriculture provides most urban livelihoods, and there is high potential for raising production. However, insecurity has disrupted all elements of agricultural markets, from production to the transformation of produce, trade networks, and demand. Market activity is recovering, but food system value chains are few and short. While most market activities are small-time and profits slim, most traders rely on their activities for most of their household's income, and many provide jobs for hired helpers. Local products face competition from imports as insecurity makes it difficult for aggregators to operate. A lack of funds, bad and dangerous roads, low demand, and inflation are the most prominent obstacles to business in the markets. The study is one of a set of four reports assessing different aspects of jobs in urban South Sudan in order to formulate policy for recovery.

Access to Markets --- Agribusiness --- Agribusiness and Markets --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Employment --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Trade

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This paper examines the influence of sovereign credit ratings and relative risk ratings on private capital flows to 26 emerging and frontier market economies, using quarterly data for 1998-2017. A dynamic panel regression model is used to estimate the relationship between ratings and capital flows after controlling for other factors that can influence capital flows, such as growth and interest rate differentials and global risk conditions. The analysis finds that while absolute ratings were an important determinant of net capital inflows prior to the global financial crisis in 2008, the influence of relative risk ratings increased in the post-crisis period, which was characterized by easy monetary policies and global liquidity, on the one hand, and greater caution and discretion on the part of investors on the other. The post-crisis effect of relative ratings appears to be driven mostly by portfolio flows. These findings imply that emerging and frontier markets need to pay greater attention to their relative economic performance and not just their sovereign ratings. Tracking changes in relative ratings could help predict macroeconomic disturbances resulting from volatile portfolio capital movements.

Capital Flows --- Capital Markets and Capital Flows --- Debt Markets --- Emerging Market Economies --- Emerging Markets --- External Debt --- Frontier Markets --- Private Capital Flows --- Sovereign Bond Market --- Sovereign Credit Rating

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Many emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) face challenges in developing a vibrant domestic bond market. Only a few have developed such markets to a level of full maturity as Malaysia has. Although the overall size of most domestic corporate bond markets in EMDEs (in terms of percentage to GDP) remains small, the Malaysian capital market is one of the most well-developed among its neighbors and countries of comparable size and characteristics. The IMF's Financial Market Index, a broad-based index to measure depth, ease of access, and efficiency of financial markets (IMF 2016), ranks the Malaysian financial market fifth in Asia after Hong Kong SAR, China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore. According to this index, Malaysia's debt market, which is composed of corporate bonds and sukuk, is significantly more developed than those of comparable EMDEs such as Chile and Turkey. This report primarily focuses on the development of Malaysia's local bond market as a source of long-term local currency (LCY) financing. It aims to extract the key lessons that can benefit policy makers as well as stakeholders in both the public and private sectors. This report validates the worth of the building blocks many use for capital market development, as well as the fundamental principles and forces that have shaped and sustained the growth of Malaysia's debt capital market. Malaysia's ability to develop specific segments of the debt capital market can be best demonstrated through two specific cases: the domestic debt capital market has played a vital role in financing Malaysia's infrastructure, and Malaysia has played a significant role as an Islamic finance center.

Capital Markets --- Capital Markets and Capital Flows --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Development --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Savings Rate --- Securities Markets Policy and Regulation