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This Urological Cancer 2020 collection contains a set of multidisciplinary contributions to the extraordinary heterogeneity of tumor mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and therapies of the renal, urinary tract, and prostate cancers, with the intention of offering to interested readers a representative snapshot of the status of urological research.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- renal cell carcinoma --- iron --- macrophages --- chelation therapy --- urothelial carcinoma --- transcriptome --- microtubule --- MAP1B --- prognosis --- KLF5 --- androgen receptor --- cell proliferation --- tumorigenesis --- prostate cancer --- precision medicine --- whole genome sequencing --- optical mapping --- therapy --- prostate carcinoma --- prostate mpMRI --- machine learning --- artificial intelligence --- deep learning --- neural network --- angiogenesis --- angiogenic growth factors --- antiangiogenic therapy --- renal tumors --- prevention --- α1-adrenoceptor antagonists --- anoikis --- vascularity --- research model --- oncogenes --- tumor suppressor genes --- MR-guided --- radiotherapy --- MRgRT --- stereotactic ablative radiotherapy --- stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) --- renal cell cancer --- RCC --- online adaptive --- [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET/CT --- dual-time point imaging --- delayed imaging --- biphasic imaging --- lesion positivity rate --- CXCL9 --- PD1 --- PD-L1 --- stage T1 NMIBC --- prostatic neoplasms/mortality --- prostatic neoplasms/epidemiology --- SEER Program --- bladder cancer --- transurethral resection --- en-bloc resection --- CPT1A --- fatty acids --- serine --- androgen response --- ROS --- oxidative stress --- DONSON --- Downstream Neighbor of SON --- biomarker --- metastatic spread --- diagnosis --- differential diagnosis --- histopathology --- immunohistochemistry --- stroma signature --- patient-derived xenografts --- n/a --- Research. --- Biology.

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This book describes the recent advances in natural product chemistry and biodiversity in the Red Sea. All previous marine natural products isolated from different Red Sea organisms and microbes were collected in a comprehensive review. Additionally, newly discovered marine natural products and their biological activities are described.

Research & information: general --- Aspergillus falconensis --- OSMAC --- azaphilones --- X-ray diffraction --- NF-κB inhibition --- LC-HRESIMS --- Stylissa carteri --- ceramide --- cerebroside --- docking --- cytotoxic activity --- co-cultivation --- phenazine --- sponge-associated actinomycetes --- antibacterial --- antibiofilm --- DNA gyrase --- pyruvate kinase --- ergosterol derivative --- metabolic analysis --- docking studies --- seagrass --- Thalassodendron ciliatum --- Red Sea sponges --- marine actinomycetes --- Streptomyces coelicolor LY001 --- halogenated 3-phenylpropanoic acid derivatives --- diketopiperazine alkaloids --- structural determinations --- antimicrobial activities --- Red Sea --- marine natural products --- marine organisms --- biodiversity --- marine metagenomics --- bioactivity --- Sinularia polydactyla --- soft coral --- steroids --- cytotoxic --- anti-inflammatory --- neuroprotective --- androgen receptor --- Actinokineospora --- Rhodococcus --- co-culture --- metabolomics --- antimalarial --- epicotripeptin --- phragamide --- Epicoccum --- Alternaria --- antimicrobial --- n/a

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This book describes the recent advances in natural product chemistry and biodiversity in the Red Sea. All previous marine natural products isolated from different Red Sea organisms and microbes were collected in a comprehensive review. Additionally, newly discovered marine natural products and their biological activities are described.

Aspergillus falconensis --- OSMAC --- azaphilones --- X-ray diffraction --- NF-κB inhibition --- LC-HRESIMS --- Stylissa carteri --- ceramide --- cerebroside --- docking --- cytotoxic activity --- co-cultivation --- phenazine --- sponge-associated actinomycetes --- antibacterial --- antibiofilm --- DNA gyrase --- pyruvate kinase --- ergosterol derivative --- metabolic analysis --- docking studies --- seagrass --- Thalassodendron ciliatum --- Red Sea sponges --- marine actinomycetes --- Streptomyces coelicolor LY001 --- halogenated 3-phenylpropanoic acid derivatives --- diketopiperazine alkaloids --- structural determinations --- antimicrobial activities --- Red Sea --- marine natural products --- marine organisms --- biodiversity --- marine metagenomics --- bioactivity --- Sinularia polydactyla --- soft coral --- steroids --- cytotoxic --- anti-inflammatory --- neuroprotective --- androgen receptor --- Actinokineospora --- Rhodococcus --- co-culture --- metabolomics --- antimalarial --- epicotripeptin --- phragamide --- Epicoccum --- Alternaria --- antimicrobial --- n/a

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After our successful first Special Issue about bladder cancer, we proceeded with the second issue. Again, many international scientists submitted their newest research results in that extremely interesting field and followed our call for submissions. It is not only the collection and combination of old and new markers that could develop new possibilities, but also the focus on different classifications and sub-classifications that will unveil new ways in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. It seems that the two established diagnostic tools will still play an important role, but new markers and diagnostics tools will present more detailed and more differentiated possibilities in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer. This second Special Issue is full of scientific results that could provide new ways to help patients with instruments for early diagnostics and with predictive and prognostic markers on their way to finding new and personalized strategies for therapy. The editors thank all of the submitting authors for their efforts and time spent on each manuscript. We hope that this Special Issue will prove useful to research work in bladder cancer in the future. We hope that many talented researchers will use multiple forms of art to improve their professional successes and to ameliorate diagnostics and therapy in bladder cancer.

Medicine --- Metallothionein --- urothelium --- urothelial cancer --- cadmium exposure --- zinc transporter --- bladder --- TAGLN --- F-actin --- PTEN --- p53 --- tumorigenesis --- proliferation --- invasion --- TERT promoter mutations --- FGFR3 --- non muscle invasive bladder cancer --- BCG therapy --- bladder cancer --- JAK-STAT pathway --- combination therapy --- oncolytic adenovirus --- virotherapy --- STAT3/5 inhibitor --- JAK inhibitor --- XVir-N-31 --- bladder cancer detection --- urinary biomarkers --- DNA methylation --- ECRG4 --- ITIH5 --- n/a --- biomarker --- cancer --- grade --- metabolomics --- MS --- NMR --- biomarkers --- tumor markers --- prognosis --- heparanase --- syndecan-1 --- heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) --- urothelial carcinoma --- miRNA --- quantitative PCR --- tumor marker --- voided urine cytology --- KDM7A --- histone demethylase --- TC-E 5002 --- androgen receptor --- drug resistance --- non-invasive detection --- telomerase --- somatic mutations --- TERT promoter region --- muscle-invasive bladder cancer --- chemotherapy --- immunotherapy --- personalized medicine --- predictive biomarker --- survivin --- BIRC5 --- macrophage --- KRT20 --- ERBB2 --- MIBC --- prediction --- RT-qPCR --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- survival

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue entitled “Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation” that was published in Molecules. Two review articles and thirty research papers are included in the Special Issue. Three second-generation androgen receptor antagonists that have been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of prostate cancer have been reviewed. Identification of mimics of protein partners as protein-protein interaction inhibitors via virtual screening has been summarized and discussed. Anticancer agents targeting various protein targets, including IGF-1R, Src, protein kinase, aromatase, HDAC, PARP, Toll-Like receptor, c-Met, PI3Kdelta, topoisomerase II, p53, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, have been explored. The analogs of three well-known tubulin-interacting natural products, paclitaxel, zampanolide, and colchicine, have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Several anticancer agents representing diverse chemical scaffolds were assessed in different kinds of cancer cell models. The capability of some anticancer agents to overcome the resistance to currently available drugs was also studied. In addition to looking into the in vitro ability of the anticancer agents to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle, in vivo antitumor efficacy in animal models and DFT were also investigated in some papers.

Medicine --- benzofurans --- chemical synthesis --- cytotoxic properties --- HeLa --- MOLT-4 --- K562 --- anticancer --- anti-neuroinflammation --- coumarin --- dihydroartemisinin --- flavonoids --- allene --- E-stereoselective --- regioselective --- anti-cancer activity --- cyanopyridone --- substituted pyridine --- pyridotriazine --- pyrazolopyridine --- thioxotriazopyridine --- anticancer activity --- HepG2 --- antitumor activity --- computational docking --- MDM2-p53 interaction --- xanthones --- yeast-based assays --- estrone derivatives --- hydrazine --- N-substituted pyrazoline --- anti-ovarian cancer --- topoisomerase II inhibitor --- kinase inhibitor --- antiproliferative agent --- urea --- synthesis --- antiproliferative activity --- apoptosis --- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase --- inhibitor --- anti-tumor --- immune modulation --- tryptophan metabolism --- taxoids --- βIII-tubulin --- P-glycoprotein --- drug resistance --- thiopene --- thienopyrimidinone --- thiazolidinone --- breast cancer --- benzofuran–pyrazole --- nanoparticles --- cytotoxic activity --- PARP-1 inhibition --- 3,6-dibromocarbazole --- 5-bromoindole --- carbazole --- actin --- migration --- Thienopyrimidine --- Pyrazole --- PI3Kα inhibitor --- quinazolin-4(3H)-one --- quinazolin-4(3H)-thione --- Schiff base --- antioxidant activity --- DFT study --- ortho-quinones --- beta-lapachone --- tanshione IIA --- PI3Ks --- PI3Kδ inhibitors --- 2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide --- anticancer agents --- protein–protein interactions --- virtual screening --- mimetics --- drug discovery --- bivalency --- polyvalency --- antitumor --- cell cycle --- ovarian cancer --- P-MAPA --- IL-12 --- TLR signaling --- inflammation --- chemoresistance --- 4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)benzamide --- 1,2,3-triazole --- c-Met --- natural product --- anticancer agent --- zampanolide --- Talazoparib --- PARP inhibitor --- prodrug --- o-nitro-benzyl --- photoactivatable protecting groups --- salinomycin --- overcoming drug resistance --- tumor specificity --- synergy --- 5-fluorouracil --- gemcitabine --- amides/esters --- colchicine analogs --- thiocolchicine --- colchiceine --- antimitotic agents --- hydrates --- dihydropyranoindole --- HDAC inhibitors --- neuroblastoma --- aromatase --- MCF-7 --- NIH3T3 --- benzimidazole --- triazolothiadiazine --- docking --- ADME --- organosilicon compounds --- SILA-409 (Alis-409) --- SILA-421 (Alis-421) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal --- ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) --- colon cancer --- colchicine amide --- colchicine sulfonamide --- tubulin inhibitors --- docking studies --- crystal structure --- PROTACs --- protein degradation --- IGF-1R --- Src --- protein kinase --- phenylpyrazolopyrimidine --- enzyme inhibition --- molecular simulation --- androgen receptor --- prostate cancer --- enzalutamide --- apalutamide --- darolutamide --- triple-negative breast cancer --- cytotoxicity --- chrysin analogues --- flavonoid --- anticancer compounds