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Lithium ion batteries --- Cathodes. --- Energy dissipation. --- Electric capacity.

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Robert W. Batterman's monograph examines a ubiquitous methodology in physics and the science of materials that has virtually been ignored in the philosophical literature. This method focuses on mesoscale structures as a means for investigating complex many-body systems. It challenges foundational pictures of physics where the most important properties are taken to be found at lower, more fundamental scales.This so-called "hydrodynamic approach" has its origins in Einstein's pioneering work on Brownian motion. This work can be understood to be one of the first instances of "upscaling" or homogenization whereby values for effective continuum scale parameters can be theoretically determined. Einstein also provided the first statement of what came to be called the "Fluctuation-Dissipation" theorem. This theorem justifies the use of equilibrium statistical mechanics to study the nonequilibrium behaviors of many-body systems.Batterman focuses on the consequences of the Fluctuation-Dissipation theorem for a proper understanding of what can be considered natural parameters or natural kinds for studying behaviors of such systems. He challenges various claims that such natural, or joint carving, parameters are always to be found at the most fundamental level. Overall, Batterman argues for mesoscale first, middle-out approach to many questions concerning the relationships between fundamental theories and their phenomenological, continuum scale cousins.

Many-body problem. --- Mesoscopic phenomena (Physics) --- Hydrodynamics. --- Fluctuations (Physics) --- Energy dissipation. --- Atomic theory. --- Continuum mechanics. --- Problème à N corps. --- Hydrodynamique. --- Fluctuations (physique) --- Dissipation d'énergie --- Milieux continus, Mécanique des --- Théorie atomique. --- Atomic theory --- Continuum mechanics --- Energy dissipation --- Degradation, Energy --- Dissipation (Physics) --- Energy degradation --- Energy losses --- Losses, Energy --- Force and energy --- Mechanics of continua --- Elasticity --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Field theory (Physics) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Many-body problem --- Hydrodynamics --- Problème à N corps. --- Dissipation d'énergie --- Milieux continus, Mécanique des --- Théorie atomique.

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The goal of the Special Issue “Brittle Materials in Mechanical Extremes” is to spark a discussion of the analogies and the differences between different brittle materials, such as ceramics and concrete. The contributions to the Issue span from construction materials (asphalt and concrete) to structural ceramics to ice. Data reported in the Issue were obtained by advanced microstructural techniques (microscopy, 3D imaging, etc.) and linked to mechanical properties (and their changes as a function of aging, composition, etc.). The description of the mechanical behavior of brittle materials under operational loads, for instance, concrete and ceramics under very high temperatures, offers an unconventional viewpoint on the behavior of such materials. While it is by no means exhaustive, this Special Issue paves the road for the fundamental understanding and further development of materials.

restraint --- creep --- double feedback method --- concrete --- temperature stress testing machine (TSTM) --- alkali-activated slag --- elevated temperatures --- Na2O concentration --- residual strength --- brittleness --- melting --- Fiber-reinforced concrete --- X-ray computed tomography (CT) --- anisotropic fiber orientation --- inverse analysis --- silica --- super-insulating materials --- instrumented indentation --- porosity --- electro-fused zirconia --- microcracking --- synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) --- thermal expansion --- ice --- high rate loading --- compressive loading --- Split Hopkinson bar --- in-situ fractography --- biomaterials --- bioceramics --- coating --- mechanical properties --- existing buildings --- reinforced concrete --- seismic vulnerability assessment --- in situ concrete strength --- variability of concrete strength --- high speed railway --- SBS/CR modified asphalt --- long-term aging --- anti-aging --- engineered cementitious composites --- steel grid --- fiber --- tensile capacity --- energy dissipation --- ceramics --- asphalt --- microstructure --- strength

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This book aims to provide research and engineering applications related to water and hydraulic problems. It is comprised of scientific papers in all topics of hydraulics, in particular, on sustainable water management, environmental hydraulics, ecohydraulics, water–energy nexus, and systems protection and efficiency. Safety and innovation issues, interdisciplinary problems, and linkage of theory to experimental and field applications can also be found within. Solutions of water problems in the form of prediction models, flow simulations, engineering systems, monitoring, management strategies covering scientific investigations and/or experimental or field studies of flow behaviour, hydrodynamics, and climate changes effects and adaptation, new design solutions, innovative approaches in the field of environment, hydraulics, techniques, methods, and analyses to address the new challenges in environmental hydraulics are alo presented and explored. This topic is studied both from a technical and environmental point of view, with the objective of protecting and enhancing the quality of the environment. In a cross-disciplinary field of study, this book comprises open channel/river flows and pressurised systems, combining, among others, new technological, social, and environmental hydraulic challenges, working in water-related fields with available information, new concepts and tools, new design solutions, eco-friendly technologies, and the advanced materials necessary to address the increasing challenges of ensuring a sustainable water environment by promoting the adaptation, flexibility, integration, and sustainability of recognised environmental solutions.

water well --- hydraulic efficiency --- degradation --- engineering structure --- well ageing --- lifespan --- well operation --- water well management --- sustainable efficiency --- frozen soil --- soil freezing curve --- hydraulic conductivity --- fractal model --- Darcy’s law --- dissolved phosphorus --- hydrodynamic condition --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- release characteristics --- stormwater reuse --- SCS curve number --- CFD --- fecal indicator bacteria --- E. coli --- fish protection --- head loss --- intake --- hydraulics of renewable energy systems --- hydraulic structure design and management --- scale model test --- canal pool --- delay time --- volume compensation --- feedforward control --- downstream constant water level --- toothed internal energy dissipaters (TIED) --- area contraction ratio --- over-current capability --- energy dissipation rate --- time-averaged pressure --- pulsating pressure --- time-averaged velocity --- pulsating velocity --- water level --- Three Gorges Dam --- hydrodynamic model --- river–lake system --- Poyang Lake --- jet falling --- energy dissipation --- surface disturbances --- pressure fluctuations --- water jet --- physical modeling --- water flow diversity --- permeable spur dike --- fish aggregation effect --- channel regulation --- suspended vegetation --- FTW --- ADV --- velocity profile --- submerge ratio --- SVF --- hydro-energy --- CAES --- transient flow --- energy concept --- energy storage --- similarity law --- erosion --- cohesive sediments --- rotating circular flume --- mathematical modelling --- fitting coefficients --- sediment deposition --- flocculation --- bed shear stress --- consolidation --- hydrostatic pressure machine --- micro hydropower --- open source --- sliding mesh --- volume of fluid --- caffa3d --- pumped hydro storage (PHS) --- hybrid hydro-wind-solar solutions --- technical feasibility --- new power generation --- new hydraulic concepts --- sustainable developments --- CFD models --- water systems efficiency --- hydropower systems --- eco-design --- environmentally-friendly solutions --- hydrologic and ecologic challenges --- hydraulic structures --- free surface flows --- pressurised flows --- soil structure --- groundwater --- erosion and energy dissipaters --- hydrodynamics

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The goal of the Special Issue “Brittle Materials in Mechanical Extremes” is to spark a discussion of the analogies and the differences between different brittle materials, such as ceramics and concrete. The contributions to the Issue span from construction materials (asphalt and concrete) to structural ceramics to ice. Data reported in the Issue were obtained by advanced microstructural techniques (microscopy, 3D imaging, etc.) and linked to mechanical properties (and their changes as a function of aging, composition, etc.). The description of the mechanical behavior of brittle materials under operational loads, for instance, concrete and ceramics under very high temperatures, offers an unconventional viewpoint on the behavior of such materials. While it is by no means exhaustive, this Special Issue paves the road for the fundamental understanding and further development of materials.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- restraint --- creep --- double feedback method --- concrete --- temperature stress testing machine (TSTM) --- alkali-activated slag --- elevated temperatures --- Na2O concentration --- residual strength --- brittleness --- melting --- Fiber-reinforced concrete --- X-ray computed tomography (CT) --- anisotropic fiber orientation --- inverse analysis --- silica --- super-insulating materials --- instrumented indentation --- porosity --- electro-fused zirconia --- microcracking --- synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) --- thermal expansion --- ice --- high rate loading --- compressive loading --- Split Hopkinson bar --- in-situ fractography --- biomaterials --- bioceramics --- coating --- mechanical properties --- existing buildings --- reinforced concrete --- seismic vulnerability assessment --- in situ concrete strength --- variability of concrete strength --- high speed railway --- SBS/CR modified asphalt --- long-term aging --- anti-aging --- engineered cementitious composites --- steel grid --- fiber --- tensile capacity --- energy dissipation --- ceramics --- asphalt --- microstructure --- strength --- restraint --- creep --- double feedback method --- concrete --- temperature stress testing machine (TSTM) --- alkali-activated slag --- elevated temperatures --- Na2O concentration --- residual strength --- brittleness --- melting --- Fiber-reinforced concrete --- X-ray computed tomography (CT) --- anisotropic fiber orientation --- inverse analysis --- silica --- super-insulating materials --- instrumented indentation --- porosity --- electro-fused zirconia --- microcracking --- synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) --- thermal expansion --- ice --- high rate loading --- compressive loading --- Split Hopkinson bar --- in-situ fractography --- biomaterials --- bioceramics --- coating --- mechanical properties --- existing buildings --- reinforced concrete --- seismic vulnerability assessment --- in situ concrete strength --- variability of concrete strength --- high speed railway --- SBS/CR modified asphalt --- long-term aging --- anti-aging --- engineered cementitious composites --- steel grid --- fiber --- tensile capacity --- energy dissipation --- ceramics --- asphalt --- microstructure --- strength