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"Today, Greenland is largely covered in ice, but, in the time of the dinosaurs, the area was lushly forested. This book shows that landscape from 250 million years ago-and explains accessibly how we can create images of lost plants from studies of fossils, current flora, and models. Incorporating stories from their fieldwork and studio, two scientists and an artist offer the opportunity to see how paleobotanists work and to learn the science required to travel back to the Triassic. The book also offers a warning about the future; the Greenland depicted here was made possible by a large concentration of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere. Though beautiful, this is not a habitat that most humans would survive."--

Paleobotany --- Paleobotany --- Paleobotany --- Paleoecology --- Paleoecology --- Paleoecology

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This book celebrates the relaunch of the African Pollen Database, presents state-of-the-art of modern and ancient pollen data from sub-Saharan Africa, and promotes Open Access science. Pollen grains are powerful tools for the study of past vegetation dynamics because they preserve well within sedimentary deposits and have a huge diversity in ornamentation that allows different taxa to be determined. The reconstruction of past vegetation from the examination of ancient pollen records thus can be used to characterize the nature of past landscapes (e.g. abundance of forests vs. grasslands), provide insights into changes in biodiversity, and gain empirical evidence of vegetation response to climatic change and human activity. In this, the 35th Volume of "Palaeoecology of Africa", we bring together new data and extensive synthetic reviews to provide novel insights into the relationships between human evolution, human activity, climate change and vegetation dynamics during the Quaternary, the last 2.6 million years. Current and ongoing climate and land-use change is exerting pressure on modern vegetation formations and threatening the livelihoods and wellbeing of many peoples in Africa. In this book the focus is on the Quaternary because it is during this geological period that the modern vegetation formations developed into their current configurations against a backdrop of high magnitude global climate change (glacial-interglacial cycles), human evolution, and a growing human land-use footprint. In this book the latest information is presented and collated from around the African continent to parameterize past vegetation states, identify the drivers of vegetation change, and assess the vegetation resilience to change. To achieve this research from two broad themes are covered: (i) the present is the key to the past (i.e. studies which improve our understanding of modern environments so that we can better interpret evidence from the past), and (ii) the past is the key to the future (i.e. studies which unlock information on how and why vegetation changed in the past so one can better anticipate trajectories of future change). This Open Access book will provide a strong foundation for future research exploring past ecological, environmental and climatic change within Africa and the surrounding islands. The book is organized regionally (covering western, eastern, central, and southern Africa) and it contains specialized articles focused on particular topics (such as modern pollen-vegetation relationships and fire as a driver of vegetation change), as well as regional and pan-African syntheses drawing together decades of research to assess key scientific questions (including the role of climate in driving vegetation change and the role of vegetation change in human evolution). These articles will be useful to students and teachers from high school to the highest level of university who are interested in the origins and dynamics of vegetation in Africa. Furthermore, it is also meant to provide societally relevant information that can act as an inspiration for the development of sustainable management practices for the future.

Paleoecology. --- Paleoecology --- Vegetation dynamics. --- Dynamics of vegetation --- Acclimatization (Plants) --- Plant communities --- Vegetation and climate --- Palaeoecology --- Ecology --- Paleobiology --- climate change --- open access --- vegetation dynamics

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Holocene Geologic Period. --- Human beings --- Human evolution. --- Hunting and gathering societies --- Hunting and gathering societies. --- Macroevolution. --- Microblades --- Microblades. --- Paleoecology --- Paleoecology. --- Pleistocene Geologic Epoch. --- Effect of climate on --- Effect of climate on. --- From 10 thousand to 2 million years ago. --- Asia.

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Chapter 1. Presentation and Work Guide -- Chapter 2. General identification keys -- Chapter 3. Atlas of the most common xylophagous insects. This atlas presents a concrete tool to identify xylophagous activity by the remains they left in wooded areas in Western Europe. Xylophagous insects are among the largest predators of woody tissues. They leave discriminating traces, different for each species according to their bioecology, and so it is necessary to know how to recognize and characterize them. The book is a practical tool to help identify and interpret them through a standardized presentation of the most ubiquitous families and a key to their determination. It presents descriptions of the galleries and of morphometry of the faecal pellets based on macroscopic features for xylophagous identification, and includes information about the origin and distribution of the xylophagous biological cycles, bioclimatic conditions and bioecology, and the type of woods that are attacked. The book will be a useful guide for forest managers, heritage conservationists, environmental engineers, bioarchaeologists, entomologists, loggers, and wood anatomists.

General palaeontology --- Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- Biological techniques --- General ecology and biosociology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Forestry --- environment --- bio-informatica --- biologie --- ecologie --- milieutechnologie --- bossen --- paleontologie --- Animal systematics. --- Animal taxonomy. --- Ecology . --- Ecology. --- Environment. --- Forestry. --- Forests and forestry. --- Paleoecology.

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Understanding the patterns of biodiversity and their relationship with environmental gradients is a key issue in ecological research and conservation in forests. Several environmental factors can influence species distributions in these complex ecosystems. It is therefore important to distinguish the effects of natural factors from the anthropogenic ones (e.g., environmental pollution, climate change, and forest management) by adopting reliable models able to predict future scenarios of species distribution. In the last 20 years, the use of statistical tools, such as Species Distribution Models (SDM) or Ecological Niche Models (ENM), allowed researchers to make great strides in the subject, with hundreds of scientific research works in this field. This book collects several research articles where these methodological approaches are the starting point to deepen the knowledge in many timely and emerging topics in forest ecosystems around the world, from Eurasia to America.

Dominant species --- Relative groups --- Phylogenetic distance --- Quantitative distribution --- Phylogenetic relationships --- Permutation test --- climate change --- Euscaphis japonica --- forest management --- GARP --- Maxent --- potential suitable habitat --- old-growth --- quadrat counts --- tree diameters --- tree distribution patterns --- species count data --- mixed forests --- Charcoal --- Ecological Niche Model --- Forest History --- Last Glacial Maximum --- Paleoecology --- Pinus nigra --- Pinus mugo/uncinata --- Pinus sylvestris --- Quercus pubescens --- endangered --- species geographic distribution modeling --- conservation --- protected areas --- biodiversity --- ecological sustainability --- fine-filter approach --- geographical information systems --- habitat restoration --- habitat suitability model --- indicator species --- pressure–state–response model --- stand structure --- ecological modelling --- Mediterranean area --- future spatial projection --- silviculture --- Eucalyptus --- biomod2 --- species distribution models --- habitat --- climatic change --- biodiversity conservation --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- epiphytic macrolichens --- growth rates --- humid forest --- habitat quality --- soil moisture --- aridization --- Carabidae --- species distribution --- spatial modeling --- forest formation --- association group --- ecological-phytocoenotic classification --- MaxEnt --- SDMtoolbox --- Moscow Region --- Landsat --- amphibian --- dispersal --- beta diversity --- ephemeral wetland --- zooplankton --- macroinvertebrate --- variation partitioning --- forested wetland --- sexual reproduction --- vegetative propagules --- functional traits --- n/a --- pressure-state-response model