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Embriologia --- Desenvolupament embriològic --- Desenvolupament embrional --- Embriogènesi --- Embriogènia --- Embriologia animal --- Biologia --- Evolució --- Morfologia animal --- Edat gestacional --- Epigènesi --- Cèl·lules germinals --- Cordó umbilical --- Diferenciació sexual --- Fetus --- Gametogènesi --- Genètica del desenvolupament --- Miogènesi --- Neurobiologia del desenvolupament --- Òvuls --- Placenta --- Teratologia --- Biologia del desenvolupament --- Cèl·lules --- Protoplasma --- Reproducció --- Placenta. --- Mammals --- Reproduction. --- Cotyledon (Anatomy) --- Embryology --- Uterus, Pregnant

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Stem cells. --- Veterinary embryology. --- Embryology --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Cells --- Cèl·lules mare embrionàries --- Embriologia --- Desenvolupament embriològic --- Desenvolupament embrional --- Embriogènesi --- Embriogènia --- Embriologia animal --- Biologia --- Evolució --- Morfologia animal --- Edat gestacional --- Epigènesi --- Cèl·lules germinals --- Cordó umbilical --- Diferenciació sexual --- Fetus --- Gametogènesi --- Genètica del desenvolupament --- Miogènesi --- Neurobiologia del desenvolupament --- Òvuls --- Placenta --- Teratologia --- Biologia del desenvolupament --- Cèl·lules --- Protoplasma --- Reproducció --- Cèl·lules mare

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In this Special Issue, we focus on maternal docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), and arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (ARA), on children’s neurodevelopment. During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both DHA and ARA are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural–functional roles, and their levels in the signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously studied. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not yet clearly known. Recent data suggest that there may be a need for a balanced proportion of ARA and DHA in infant formula due to their complementary benefits. This review describes the importance of ARA in addition to DHA to support optimal brain development and growth in an infant, and functional roles in the brain.

Medicine --- maternal supplementation --- pregnancy --- lactation --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- neurodevelopment --- randomized controlled trial (RCT) --- India --- DHA --- brain --- MFSD2a --- SPM --- fetus --- placenta --- infant --- neurogenesis --- pre-term --- docosahexaenoic acid --- supplementation --- egg yolk --- microalgae --- long chain omega-3 fatty acids --- pregnancy outcomes --- anthropometry --- birth weight --- birth length --- head circumference --- arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 --- docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 --- maternal diet --- cognitive --- infants --- maternal supplementation --- pregnancy --- lactation --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- neurodevelopment --- randomized controlled trial (RCT) --- India --- DHA --- brain --- MFSD2a --- SPM --- fetus --- placenta --- infant --- neurogenesis --- pre-term --- docosahexaenoic acid --- supplementation --- egg yolk --- microalgae --- long chain omega-3 fatty acids --- pregnancy outcomes --- anthropometry --- birth weight --- birth length --- head circumference --- arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 --- docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 --- maternal diet --- cognitive --- infants

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Zika virus (ZIKV), one of the flavivirus family members transmitted by mosquitos, was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO in February 2016 because of clusters of newborn microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders in Brazil. Most ZIKV infections result in a self-limited flu-like febrile disease, however, if contracted during pregnancy, the virus can also infect fetuses and cause a spectrum of birth defects known as congenital Zika syndrome. To date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs are licensed for ZIKV, and the virus has spread and become endemic to many tropical and sub-tropical countries. Included in this book are thirteen reports addressing diverse aspects of ZIKV–host interactions. These studies range from basic science to clinical research. It is expected that findings from these studies will contribute to a better understanding of the host cells interacting with ZIKV, and may serve as the basis for new diagnostics, antiviral therapies, and vaccine design.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Zika virus --- peroxisomes --- innate immune response --- interferon --- astrocytes --- fetal brain --- zika virus --- flaviviruses --- T cells --- host-pathogen interactions --- flavivirus --- tight junctions --- claudins --- ZO-1 --- blood-placental barrier --- placenta --- apoptosis --- viral replication --- Bcl-2 protein family --- ZIKV --- virus host interactions --- pathogenesis --- MR766 --- guinea pig --- subcutaneous --- vaginal --- sexual transmission --- virus transmission --- envelope protein --- glycosylation --- fusion loop --- viral fusion --- cell entry --- NS5 protein --- nuclear localization --- inflammation --- innate immunity --- extracellular vesicles --- cellular communication --- C6/36 cells --- human monocytes --- endothelial vascular cells --- protein–protein interaction --- non-structural viral proteins --- network --- JAK/STAT --- cytokine --- West Nile virus --- HSP90 --- NS5 --- virus–host interactions --- anti-viral signaling --- immune response --- inflammatory mediator --- Sertoli cells --- Leydig cells --- ZIKA virus --- arboviruses --- infertility --- IFN --- RIG-I --- MDA5 --- IFNAR1 --- zika --- host --- cell death --- peroxisome --- mosquito --- tight junction --- Zika virus --- peroxisomes --- innate immune response --- interferon --- astrocytes --- fetal brain --- zika virus --- flaviviruses --- T cells --- host-pathogen interactions --- flavivirus --- tight junctions --- claudins --- ZO-1 --- blood-placental barrier --- placenta --- apoptosis --- viral replication --- Bcl-2 protein family --- ZIKV --- virus host interactions --- pathogenesis --- MR766 --- guinea pig --- subcutaneous --- vaginal --- sexual transmission --- virus transmission --- envelope protein --- glycosylation --- fusion loop --- viral fusion --- cell entry --- NS5 protein --- nuclear localization --- inflammation --- innate immunity --- extracellular vesicles --- cellular communication --- C6/36 cells --- human monocytes --- endothelial vascular cells --- protein–protein interaction --- non-structural viral proteins --- network --- JAK/STAT --- cytokine --- West Nile virus --- HSP90 --- NS5 --- virus–host interactions --- anti-viral signaling --- immune response --- inflammatory mediator --- Sertoli cells --- Leydig cells --- ZIKA virus --- arboviruses --- infertility --- IFN --- RIG-I --- MDA5 --- IFNAR1 --- zika --- host --- cell death --- peroxisome --- mosquito --- tight junction

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Zika virus (ZIKV), one of the flavivirus family members transmitted by mosquitos, was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO in February 2016 because of clusters of newborn microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders in Brazil. Most ZIKV infections result in a self-limited flu-like febrile disease, however, if contracted during pregnancy, the virus can also infect fetuses and cause a spectrum of birth defects known as congenital Zika syndrome. To date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs are licensed for ZIKV, and the virus has spread and become endemic to many tropical and sub-tropical countries. Included in this book are thirteen reports addressing diverse aspects of ZIKV–host interactions. These studies range from basic science to clinical research. It is expected that findings from these studies will contribute to a better understanding of the host cells interacting with ZIKV, and may serve as the basis for new diagnostics, antiviral therapies, and vaccine design.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Zika virus --- peroxisomes --- innate immune response --- interferon --- astrocytes --- fetal brain --- zika virus --- flaviviruses --- T cells --- host-pathogen interactions --- flavivirus --- tight junctions --- claudins --- ZO-1 --- blood-placental barrier --- placenta --- apoptosis --- viral replication --- Bcl-2 protein family --- ZIKV --- virus host interactions --- pathogenesis --- MR766 --- guinea pig --- subcutaneous --- vaginal --- sexual transmission --- virus transmission --- envelope protein --- glycosylation --- fusion loop --- viral fusion --- cell entry --- NS5 protein --- nuclear localization --- inflammation --- innate immunity --- extracellular vesicles --- cellular communication --- C6/36 cells --- human monocytes --- endothelial vascular cells --- protein–protein interaction --- non-structural viral proteins --- network --- JAK/STAT --- cytokine --- West Nile virus --- HSP90 --- NS5 --- virus–host interactions --- anti-viral signaling --- immune response --- inflammatory mediator --- Sertoli cells --- Leydig cells --- ZIKA virus --- arboviruses --- infertility --- IFN --- RIG-I --- MDA5 --- IFNAR1 --- zika --- host --- cell death --- peroxisome --- mosquito --- tight junction