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Building on the vast literature, this paper focuses on the role of the structure of the international investment position (IIP) in affecting countries’ external vulnerabilities. Using a sample of 73 advanced and emerging economies and new database on the IIP’s currency composition, we find that the size and structure of external liabilities and assets, especially with regards to currency denomination, matter in understanding balance-of-payments pressures. Specifically, and beyond the standard macroeconomic factors highlighted in other studies, higher levels of gross external debt increase the likelihood of an external crisis, while higher levels of foreign-currency-denominated external debt increase the likelihood of sudden stops. Foreign reserve assets play a mitigating role, although with diminishing returns, and the combination of flow and stock imbalances amplifies external risks, especially during periods of heightened global risk aversion. The results are especially strong for emerging economies, where the impact of flow and stock imbalances and foreign currency mismatches are larger and more robust across specifications.
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Many studies predict massive job losses and real wage decline as a result of the ongoing widespread automation of production, a trend that may be further aggravated by the COVID-19 crisis. Yet automation is also expected to raise productivity and output. How can we share the gains from automation more widely, for the benefit of all? And what are the attendant equity-efficiency trade-offs? We analyze this issue by considering the effects of fiscal policies that seek to redistribute the gains from automation and address income inequality. We use a dynamic general equilibrium model with monopolistic competition, including a novel specification linking corporate power to automation. While fiscal policy cannot eliminate the classic equity-efficiency trade-offs, it can help improve them, reducing inequality at small or no loss of output. This is particularly so when policy takes advantage of novel, less distortive transmission channels of fiscal policy created by the empirically observed link between corporate market power and automation.
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The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences. Since the last IEA review in 2015, Spain has solved a long-standing issue of tariff deficits in its electricity and gas sectors and closed all of its coal mines, which has allowed it to place the energy transition at the forefront of its energy and climate change policies. The current Spanish framework for energy and climate is based on the 2050 objectives of national climate neutrality, 100% renewable energy in the electricity mix, and 97% renewable energy in the total energy mix. As such, it is centred on the massive development of renewable energy, energy efficiency, electrification and renewable hydrogen. Notwithstanding its considerable progress to date on decarbonising and increasing the share of renewables in the electricity sector, Spain's total energy mix is still heavily dominated by fossil fuels. Notably, the transport, industry and buildings sectors all have considerable work ahead of them to meet the country's targets for decarbonisation and higher shares of renewables. When all of Spain's plans and strategies are implemented, a completely different energy sector will emerge in which fossil fuels are no longer dominant and end-user sectors are mostly electrified. Such a transformed energy landscape will come with new challenges and will provide new opportunities. In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Spain effectively manage this transformation of its energy sector.
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"Les changements très profonds vécus par l'Espagne depuis le dernier quart du XXe siècle ont attiré l'attention sur ce pays et son histoire. Les travaux publiés en français n'abondent pas et très souvent, les idées reçues continuent à s'imposer. Privilégiant les terrains politique et social, cet ouvrage offre une approche fouillée des deux derniers siècles de l'histoire espagnole, tout en mettant en lumière la complexité d'un long parcours qui commence avec une guerre contre les troupes françaises de Napoléon (1808) et la perte de l'empire américain et s'achève dans l'Espagne moderne et démocratique d'aujourd'hui. Il s'attache à restituer les étapes capitales de l'histoire de l'Espagne : la construction de l'État-nation, la stabilisation libérale, les conflits entre réforme et révolution, la guerre civile suivie de la longue dictature militaire, et, finalement, la construction d'une société démocratique, européenne et normalisée, aujourd'hui confrontée aux revendications indépendantistes catalanes et à la crise sanitaire du Covid"--Page 4 de la couverture.
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Este libro reúne a investigadores de varios países y propone una serie de asedios a un fenómeno muy notorio de las letras áureas: la polémica en torno a los poemas mayores de Luis de Góngora. Sin limitarse al análisis de los debates eruditos acerca de las Soledades y luego acerca del estilo del poeta y sus presuntos secuaces, los llamados ‘cultos’, el libro estudia la recepción de Góngora y lo que revela de la cultura de su tiempo. Medir la difusión de esta guerra de plumas tanto en la penumbra de las doctos museos y bibliotecas como a la luz de la plaza pública, en géneros de amplia circulación como la sátira y el teatro; analizar el perfil social y literario de los más acérrimos detractores y entusiastas defensores de don Luis; recorrer los temas debatidos con ocasión del examen de la poesía gongorina, desde la renovación del legado latino hasta la cuestión de la lengua, son algunas de las tareas que lleva a cabo el libro. Un catálogo de textos polémicos sirve de colofón al conjunto.
Spain --- Civilization
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"This book discusses some of the most controversial themes in the Hispanic colonial historiography of recent years. Its objective is to offer a synthesis about Spain's presence in the Occidental Sahara between 1885 and 1975 to show that the processes of colonization and decolonization were unseasonable to the historic context in which they took place. Addressing an English-speaking population with the objective to provide the most complete information possible on a subject matter which continues to be in the public light as a result of an unfinished decolonization process, this work is enriched with research work recently done on different aspects of this subject"--
Spain --- Historiography.
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Le dossier propose de rouvrir les questions classiques relatives aux stratégies identitaires mises en œuvre par les étrangers dans l’Espagne moderne, mais en adoptant un point de vue doublement original. D’une part, il s’agit d’aborder la question sous l’angle d’études précises consacrées à la matérialité des procédures d’identification des étrangers expatriés mises en œuvre aussi bien par les États de départ de ces derniers que par leurs pays d’accueil. D’autre part, la réflexion adopte un cadre chronologique et géographique large, qui confronte les expériences d’identification des étrangers mises en œuvre au sein de la monarchie hispanique à celles pratiquées par les républiques hispano-américaines devenues indépendantes ou par la France, dans ses projections méditerranéennes.El dossier desea discutir las cuestiones clásicas relativas a las estrategias identitarias de los extranjeros en la España moderna, pero adoptando un punto de vista original. Por una parte, propone enfocar el tema con estudios precisos que analizan la materialidad de los procedimientos de identificación de los extranjeros expatriados, implementados tanto por sus Estados de origen que por sus países de destino. Por otra parte, la reflexión se sitúa en un marco cronológico y geográfico amplio, para comparar las experiencias de identificación de los extranjeros que se practicaron en la monarquía hispánica con las de las repúblicas hispano-americanas recientemente emancipadas y las que desarrolló Francia en sus proyecciones mediterráneas.
Ethnicity. --- Group identity. --- Strangers. --- Spain --- Spain --- Spain --- History --- History --- History
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Spain has undertaken a series of reforms over the last decade to strengthen the government's ability to deliver high-quality services to citizens and businesses, while enhancing transparency and accountability. One major effort spearheaded by the National Audit Office (Oficina Nacional de Auditoría or ONA) is the continuous supervision system (SSC), a risk-based methodology that acts as a litmus test for the financial health, effectiveness and sustainability of public institutions.
Public law. --- Spain.
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Tras la pandemia del COVID-19, los gobiernos se enfrentan a riesgos de fraude tanto antiguos como nuevos, algunos de ellos a niveles sin precedentes, relacionados con el gasto en socorro y recuperación. Este informe identifica cómo la Intervención General de la Administración del Estado (IGAE) podría identificar y controlar mejor los riesgos de fraude en las subvenciones. Demuestra cómo las técnicas innovadoras de aprendizaje automático pueden ayudar a la IGAE a mejorar su evaluación de los riesgos de fraude en los datos de las subvenciones.
Public law. --- Spain.
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