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Light alloys (aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloys) are gaining increasing interest in the scientific and technological community in many different application fields, from automotive to medicine, thanks to their light weight coupled with interesting mechanical properties. The functional performances of light alloys can be significantly affected by their surface properties; in fact, the surface can be considered as the “visiting card” of the material for its working environment (e.g., it can drive the biological response upon implantation for titanium alloys intended for biomedical implants or it can affect the joining ability of aluminum and magnesium alloys) as well as for its further material working steps (e.g., coatings). Surface engineering is a versatile tool for the modification of material surfaces in order to tailor and improve their functional properties. The aim of the present Special Issue is to present the latest development in this field through research and review papers. In particular, the topics of interest include, but are not limited to, surface engineering of light alloys for biomedical applications, surface engineering of light alloys for joining and coatings applications, surface engineering of light alloys for corrosion protection, and surface engineering of light alloys for antibacterial/antifouling purposes.

Mg alloy --- corrosion protection --- hydrothermal synthesis --- coating --- degradable implant --- titanium --- gallic acid --- polyphenols --- surface functionalization --- metal implants --- aluminum alloys --- brazing --- surface preparation --- interface reactions --- joining --- microstructure --- phase/composition in reaction layer --- Ni–P coatings --- Ni3P phase --- Mg alloys --- AZ91 --- heat treatment --- microhardness --- crystallite size --- ion irradiation --- dislocation --- irradiation defect --- microcrystal --- antibacterial activity --- bone growth --- apatite formation --- silver --- strontium --- calcium titanate --- ion release --- cytotoxicity --- controlled release --- biodegradable magnesium --- dopamine --- Impedance behavior --- molecular dynamic simulation --- aluminum oxide layers --- nanostructure --- tribological wear --- surface morphology --- thermo-chemical treatment --- artificial saliva --- lubricant --- zirconia --- titanium alloys --- wear --- n/a --- Ni-P coatings

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Absorbable metals have shown significant clinical potential for temporary implant applications, where the material is eventually replaced by healthy, functioning tissue. However, several challenges remain before these metals can be used in humans. Innovations and further improvements are required. This book collects scientific contributions dealing with the development of absorbable metals with improved and unique corrosion and mechanical properties for applications in highly loaded implants or cardiovascular and urethral stents.

surface treatments --- roughness --- Mg-alloys --- degradation behavior --- absorbable --- corrosion --- degradation --- magnesium --- ureteral stent --- zinc --- mandibular condylar fracture --- unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly-l-lactide composite plate --- bioactive resorbable plate --- biomechanical loading evaluation --- fracture fixation --- WE43/HA composite --- friction stir processing --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- corrosion behavior --- absorbable metal --- cytotoxicity --- stent --- ureteral --- urothelial cells --- zinc alloy --- poly-L-lactide --- uncalcined and unsintered hydroxyapatite --- biocompatibility --- osteoconductivity --- mesenchymal stem cell --- iron foam --- polyethyleneimine (PEI) --- biodegradation --- powder metallurgy --- coating --- biodegradable magnesium implants --- bioceramics --- bioactivity --- orthopedic implant --- bone surgery --- absorbable implants --- magnesium (Mg) --- oral and maxillofacial --- orthopedic --- titanium (Ti) --- biomaterials --- electrochemistry --- hydrogen evolution --- microscopy --- Mg-Zn-Sn alloy --- osteoinductive activity --- sirolimus --- rabbit coronary artery endothelial cells --- smooth muscle cells --- bioabsorbable metals --- in-vivo biocompatibility --- strontium --- toxicity --- systemic reactions --- alloy accumulation --- internal organs --- iron --- corrosion rate --- biodegradable material --- n/a

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Absorbable metals have shown significant clinical potential for temporary implant applications, where the material is eventually replaced by healthy, functioning tissue. However, several challenges remain before these metals can be used in humans. Innovations and further improvements are required. This book collects scientific contributions dealing with the development of absorbable metals with improved and unique corrosion and mechanical properties for applications in highly loaded implants or cardiovascular and urethral stents.

surface treatments --- roughness --- Mg-alloys --- degradation behavior --- absorbable --- corrosion --- degradation --- magnesium --- ureteral stent --- zinc --- mandibular condylar fracture --- unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly-l-lactide composite plate --- bioactive resorbable plate --- biomechanical loading evaluation --- fracture fixation --- WE43/HA composite --- friction stir processing --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- corrosion behavior --- absorbable metal --- cytotoxicity --- stent --- ureteral --- urothelial cells --- zinc alloy --- poly-L-lactide --- uncalcined and unsintered hydroxyapatite --- biocompatibility --- osteoconductivity --- mesenchymal stem cell --- iron foam --- polyethyleneimine (PEI) --- biodegradation --- powder metallurgy --- coating --- biodegradable magnesium implants --- bioceramics --- bioactivity --- orthopedic implant --- bone surgery --- absorbable implants --- magnesium (Mg) --- oral and maxillofacial --- orthopedic --- titanium (Ti) --- biomaterials --- electrochemistry --- hydrogen evolution --- microscopy --- Mg-Zn-Sn alloy --- osteoinductive activity --- sirolimus --- rabbit coronary artery endothelial cells --- smooth muscle cells --- bioabsorbable metals --- in-vivo biocompatibility --- strontium --- toxicity --- systemic reactions --- alloy accumulation --- internal organs --- iron --- corrosion rate --- biodegradable material --- surface treatments --- roughness --- Mg-alloys --- degradation behavior --- absorbable --- corrosion --- degradation --- magnesium --- ureteral stent --- zinc --- mandibular condylar fracture --- unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly-l-lactide composite plate --- bioactive resorbable plate --- biomechanical loading evaluation --- fracture fixation --- WE43/HA composite --- friction stir processing --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- corrosion behavior --- absorbable metal --- cytotoxicity --- stent --- ureteral --- urothelial cells --- zinc alloy --- poly-L-lactide --- uncalcined and unsintered hydroxyapatite --- biocompatibility --- osteoconductivity --- mesenchymal stem cell --- iron foam --- polyethyleneimine (PEI) --- biodegradation --- powder metallurgy --- coating --- biodegradable magnesium implants --- bioceramics --- bioactivity --- orthopedic implant --- bone surgery --- absorbable implants --- magnesium (Mg) --- oral and maxillofacial --- orthopedic --- titanium (Ti) --- biomaterials --- electrochemistry --- hydrogen evolution --- microscopy --- Mg-Zn-Sn alloy --- osteoinductive activity --- sirolimus --- rabbit coronary artery endothelial cells --- smooth muscle cells --- bioabsorbable metals --- in-vivo biocompatibility --- strontium --- toxicity --- systemic reactions --- alloy accumulation --- internal organs --- iron --- corrosion rate --- biodegradable material

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Ten years have passed since the nuclear accident occurred in Fukushima, Japan, following the Great East Japan earthquake. Thereafter, many people around the world have been concerned about the risks posed by radiation. They still believe that even a small amount of radiation exposure will affect human health. In reality, however, there are many natural radionuclides in the environment, which emit a variety of types of radiation. Although it is well known that there is a positively linear relationship between acute radiation exposure and cancer risk in atomic bomb survivors, the risk of chronic radiation exposure due to natural radionuclides cannot be well explained to people who have lived in high-background radiation areas for many generations. Therefore, more studies in this research field are required to obtain new scientific findings. In order to promote further scientific activities, it will be the best for us to understand the current status of this field by summarizing what we have apprehended so far. This Special Issue will highlight measurement data, methodologies, radiation biology, and risk assessment related to radiation.

Biography & True Stories --- air dose rate --- difficult-to-return zone --- evacuation order-lifted areas --- effective dose rate --- external exposure risk --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident --- living space --- radiocesium --- surface soil --- Tomioka town --- tritium monitoring --- fusion test facility --- deuterium plasma experiment --- monthly precipitation --- chemical composition --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant --- strontium-90 --- cesium-137 --- seawater monitoring --- contaminated water --- dose assessment --- Japan --- bottled water --- guidance level --- WHO --- natural radionuclides --- artificial radionuclides --- effective dose --- ingestion --- passive radon monitor --- development --- sensitivity --- detection limit --- air-exchange rate --- total diet study --- radioactive cesium --- potassium-40 --- dietary intake --- Fukushima accident --- 222Rn progeny --- 220Rn progeny --- CR-39 --- equilibrium equivalent concentration --- deposition velocity --- thoron --- thoron progeny --- indoor environment --- measurement technique --- radioactivity --- residential exposure --- dose --- gamma radiation --- health risk --- radon mapping --- 226Ra --- 228Ra --- 238U --- well water --- radiological hazards --- REE and uranium mines --- northern Vietnam --- radon --- hot spring --- public health --- Namie Town --- cesium-134 --- external exposure dose evaluation --- radon concentration --- groundwater --- residence time --- limestone aquifer --- Okinawa Island --- indoor --- environment --- nationwide survey --- SSNTD --- radon potential map --- geography information systems --- geology --- risk --- exhalation rate --- long-term measurement --- seasonal variation --- Fukushima --- free-roaming cat --- reproductive organ --- internal contamination --- air dose rate --- difficult-to-return zone --- evacuation order-lifted areas --- effective dose rate --- external exposure risk --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident --- living space --- radiocesium --- surface soil --- Tomioka town --- tritium monitoring --- fusion test facility --- deuterium plasma experiment --- monthly precipitation --- chemical composition --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant --- strontium-90 --- cesium-137 --- seawater monitoring --- contaminated water --- dose assessment --- Japan --- bottled water --- guidance level --- WHO --- natural radionuclides --- artificial radionuclides --- effective dose --- ingestion --- passive radon monitor --- development --- sensitivity --- detection limit --- air-exchange rate --- total diet study --- radioactive cesium --- potassium-40 --- dietary intake --- Fukushima accident --- 222Rn progeny --- 220Rn progeny --- CR-39 --- equilibrium equivalent concentration --- deposition velocity --- thoron --- thoron progeny --- indoor environment --- measurement technique --- radioactivity --- residential exposure --- dose --- gamma radiation --- health risk --- radon mapping --- 226Ra --- 228Ra --- 238U --- well water --- radiological hazards --- REE and uranium mines --- northern Vietnam --- radon --- hot spring --- public health --- Namie Town --- cesium-134 --- external exposure dose evaluation --- radon concentration --- groundwater --- residence time --- limestone aquifer --- Okinawa Island --- indoor --- environment --- nationwide survey --- SSNTD --- radon potential map --- geography information systems --- geology --- risk --- exhalation rate --- long-term measurement --- seasonal variation --- Fukushima --- free-roaming cat --- reproductive organ --- internal contamination

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With this book, we wish to honor the lifework of K. Alex Müller and present him with this book on the occasion of his 94th birthday. We are convinced that he will very much enjoy reading it. We would like to thank all contributors to this book, who addressed topics complementary and related to his work. The articles of the book represent the efforts in solid state physics – spanning more than 60 years – which have been groundbreaking in scientific and applied sciences. Many of the current hot topics are derived from this earlier work which has pioneered the way toward new experimental tools and/or refined techniques. From this point of view, the book presents, on one hand, a historical review and, on the other hand, a directory of possible future research.

ferroelastic --- WO3 --- polarons --- polaronic superconductivity --- transition metal dichalcogenides --- magnetic semiconductor spintronics --- n/a --- transition metal oxides --- lattice–spin–charge landscapes --- elasticity --- superconductivity --- cuprates --- magnetic penetration depth --- order parameter --- superconducting gap structure --- Kondo effect --- spin relaxation rate --- magnetic resonance --- strontium titanate --- quantum paraelectricity --- quantum fluctuations --- ferroelectricity --- isotope exchange --- external stress --- polar metal --- phase coexistence --- magnetoelectric multiglass --- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) --- ENDOR --- Jahn-Teller --- color centers --- 3d impurities --- perovskite --- SrTiO3 --- 18O --- isotope substitution --- SrTiO3/LaAlO3 --- interface --- heterostructure --- tungsten oxide --- phase separation --- cuprate superconductors --- electronic correlations --- NMR --- pseudogap --- perovskite crystals --- Pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect --- multiferroicity --- permittivity --- flexoelectricity --- polar nanoregions --- orientational polarization --- LSCO --- anti-Jahn-Teller effect --- first-principles calculation --- Kamimura-Suwa model --- spin-polarized band --- Hund’s coupling spin-triplet and spin-singlet multiplets --- high-temperature superconductivity --- correlated Femi liquid --- charge density wave --- fluctuation --- strange metal --- coherence length --- granular superconductivity --- Mott transition --- BCS–BEC cross-over --- electron-phonon interaction --- topological insulator --- topological materials --- transition metal dichalcogenide --- helium atom scattering --- perovskite oxides --- phase transitions --- high-temperature cuprate superconductors --- lattice-spin-charge landscapes --- Hund's coupling spin-triplet and spin-singlet multiplets --- BCS-BEC cross-over