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By providing a survey of consumption and lifestyle in Hungary during the second half of the twentieth century, this book shows how common people lived during and after tumultuous regime changes. After an introduction covering the late 1930s, the study centers on the communist era, and goes on to describe changes in the post-communist period with its legacy of state socialism.0Tibor Valuch poses a series of questions. Who could be called rich or poor and how did they live in the various periods? How did living, furnishings, clothing, income and consumption mirror the structure of the society and its transformations? How could people accommodate their lifestyles to the political and social system? How specific to the regime was consumption after the communist takeover, and how did it change after the demise of the regime? The answers, based on micro-histories, statistical data, population censuses and surveys help to understand the complexities of daily life, not only in Hungary, but also in other communist regimes in east-central Europe, with insights on their antecedents and afterlives.

Social conditions. --- Post-communism. --- Consumption (Economics) --- Post-communism --- Hungary. --- Hungary --- Social conditions --- Consumer demand --- Consumer spending --- Consumerism --- Spending, Consumer --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Postcommunism --- World politics --- Communism --- Descriptive sociology --- Social history --- History --- Sociology --- Dēmokratia tēs Oungarias --- Gweriniaeth Hwngari --- Hanekeria --- Hangarī --- Hongaarse Republiek --- Hongaria --- Hongarije --- Hongarye --- Hŏnggari --- Hongria --- Hongrie --- Honharije --- Hunakalia --- Hungara Respubliko --- Hungari --- Hungaria --- Hungariako Errepublika --- Hungarian Republic --- Hungariar Errepublika --- Hungario --- Hungarujo --- Hungaryah --- Hungría --- Hungrii --- Hwngari --- Jamhuri ya Hungaria --- Lepulika o Hungary --- Lýðveldið Ungverjaland --- Macaristan --- Macaristan Cumhuriyeti --- Macarıstan Respublikası --- Mađarska --- Mad̕arská republika --- Maďarsko --- Madi︠a︡rshchyna --- Madjaristan --- Madžarska --- Madźary --- Madzhar --- Madzhar Respublika --- Magyar Köztársaság (Republic) --- Magyar Népköztársaság --- Magyar Republic --- Magyar Tanácsköztársaság --- Magyarország (Republic) --- Majarstan Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Majoriston --- Mazharstan --- Mazharstan Respublikasy --- Ohorsʹka Respublika --- Ongiri --- Ongria --- Oonguri --- Oungaria --- Oгорська Республіка --- Pobblaght ny h-Ungaar --- Poblacht na hUngáire --- Republic of Hungary --- República da Hungria --- República de Hungría --- República d'Hongria --- Republica d'Ongria --- Republica Ungară --- Republica Ungaria --- Republica Ungrese --- Republiek van Hongarye --- Republik bu Oonguri --- Republik Hongaria --- Republik Ungarn --- Republika e Hungarisë --- Republika Mađarska --- Republika Madžarska --- Republika ng Unggarya --- Republika Ungarija --- Republika Węgierska --- Republikang Unggaro --- Republiken Ungern --- Republikken Ungarn --- République de Hongrie --- Repúvlika de Madjaristan --- Respublica Hungarica --- Tjóðveldið Ungarn --- Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl Hungria --- Uhorshchyna --- Uhorsʹka Respublika --- Ungaar --- Ungaïa --- Ungáir --- Ungar --- Ungari --- Ungari Vabariik --- Ungaria --- Ungarii︠a︡ --- Ungārija --- Ungārijas Republika --- Ungarn --- Ungarskata republika --- Ungerija --- Ungern --- Unggarya --- Unggriya --- Ungheria --- Unghirìa --- Ungri --- Ungverjaland --- Unkari --- Unkarin tasavalta --- V.N.R. --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Vengrėjė --- Vengrėjės Respoblėka --- Vengrii︠a︡ --- Vengrii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Vengrija --- Vengrijos respublika --- Vengriya --- Vengriya Respublikasi --- Venhryi︠a︡ --- VNR --- Węgry --- Xiongyali --- Xiongyali gong he guo --- Xiongyali Gongheguo --- Ουγγαρία --- Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας --- Република Унгарија --- Република Мађарска --- Унгар --- Унгарската република --- Унгария --- Унгарија --- Угорська Республіка --- Угорщина --- Мажарстан --- Мажарстан Республикасы --- Мађарска --- Мадярщина --- Маджар --- Маджар Республика --- Венгрыя --- Венгрия --- Венгрия Республикасы --- Венгерская Республика --- אונגארן --- רפובליקא דא מאגיאדיסטאן --- מאגיאדיסטאן --- הונגריה --- ハンガリー --- 匈牙利 --- 匈牙利共和國 --- 헝가리 --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Ongaria --- communism. --- postcommunism. --- social history. --- social transformations. --- BNUU --- БНУУ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Ungar Uls

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In the wake of the First World War and Russian Revolutions, Central Europeans in 1919 faced a world of possibilities, threats, and extreme contrasts. Dramatic events since the end of the world war seemed poised to transform the world, but the form of that transformation was unclear and violently contested in the streets and societies of Munich and Budapest in 1919. The political perceptions of contemporaries, framed by gender stereotypes and antisemitism, reveal the sense of living history, of 'fighting the world revolution', which was shared by residents of the two cities. In 1919, both revolutionaries and counterrevolutionaries were focused on shaping the emerging new order according to their own worldview. By examining the narratives of these Central European revolutions in their transnational context, Eliza Ablovatski helps answer the question of why so many Germans and Hungarians chose to use their new political power for violence and repression.

Revolutions --- History --- Hungary --- Germany --- Europe, Central --- Munich (Germany) --- Budapest (Hungary) --- Soviet Union --- Influence. --- Politics and government --- Insurrections --- Rebellions --- Revolts --- Revolutionary wars --- Political science --- Political violence --- War --- Government, Resistance to --- Macaristan --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Magyar Népköztársaság --- Ungern --- Magyar Tanácsköztársaság --- Hungarian Republic --- Magyar Köztársaság (Republic) --- Oungaria --- Unkari --- Ungarn --- Hongrie --- Ungaria --- Ungheria --- Hungría --- Magyarország (Republic) --- Maďarsko --- Węgry --- Vengrii︠a︡ --- Hongarije --- VNR --- V.N.R. --- Hungaryah --- Hungari --- Hŏnggari --- Ungarii︠a︡ --- Republic of Hungary --- Hongaria --- Hongarye --- Republiek van Hongarye --- Macarıstan Respublikası --- Венгрыя --- Venhryi︠a︡ --- Mađarska --- Republika Mađarska --- Унгария --- Унгарската република --- Ungarskata republika --- Hongria --- República d'Hongria --- Republikang Unggaro --- Unggriya --- Mad̕arská republika --- Republica Ungrese --- Hwngari --- Gweriniaeth Hwngari --- Republik Ungarn --- Ungari --- Ungari Vabariik --- Ουγγαρία --- Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας --- Dēmokratia tēs Oungarias --- República de Hungría --- Hungario --- Hungarujo --- Hungara Respubliko --- Hungaria --- Hungariar Errepublika --- Hungariako Errepublika --- Tjóðveldið Ungarn --- République de Hongrie --- Ungáir --- Poblacht na hUngáire --- Ungaar --- Pobblaght ny h-Ungaar --- 헝가리 --- Hunakalia --- Republik Hongaria --- Ungverjaland --- Lýðveldið Ungverjaland --- הונגריה --- אונגארן --- Мажарстан --- Mazharstan --- Мажарстан Республикасы --- Mazharstan Respublikasy --- Венгрия --- Венгрия Республикасы --- Vengrii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Jamhuri ya Hungaria --- Madjaristan --- Repúvlika de Madjaristan --- רפובליקא דא מאגיאדיסטאן --- מאגיאדיסטאן --- Маджар --- Madzhar --- Маджар Республика --- Madzhar Respublika --- Respublica Hungarica --- Ungārija --- Ungārijas Republika --- Vengrija --- Vengrijos respublika --- Ungaïa --- Ungri --- Унгарија --- Република Унгарија --- Republika Ungarija --- Ungerija --- Hanekeria --- Унгар --- Ungar --- Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl Hungria --- Hongaarse Republiek --- ハンガリー --- Hangarī --- Hungrii --- Republikken Ungarn --- Ongria --- Republica d'Ongria --- Vengriya --- Vengriya Respublikasi --- Republika Węgierska --- República da Hungria --- Republica Ungară --- Republica Ungaria --- Венгерская Республика --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Lepulika o Hungary --- Republika e Hungarisë --- Unghirìa --- Madžarska --- Republika Madžarska --- Madźary --- Мађарска --- Република Мађарска --- Unkarin tasavalta --- Republiken Ungern --- Unggarya --- Republika ng Unggarya --- Majarstan Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Majoriston --- Macaristan Cumhuriyeti --- Угорщина --- Uhorshchyna --- Мадярщина --- Madi︠a︡rshchyna --- Угорська Республіка --- Uhorsʹka Respublika --- Oгорська Республіка --- Ohorsʹka Respublika --- Ongiri --- Oonguri --- Republik bu Oonguri --- Honharije --- Vengrėjė --- Vengrėjės Respoblėka --- 匈牙利 --- Xiongyali --- 匈牙利共和國 --- Xiongyali gong he guo --- Xiongyali Gongheguo --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- German Uls --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- München (Germany) --- Mnichov (Germany) --- Minhen (Germany) --- Munique (Germany) --- Miwnkhēn (Germany) --- Mi︠u︡nkhen (Germany) --- Minkhen (Germany) --- Monaco di Baviera (Germany) --- Landeshauptstadt München --- Minga (Germany) --- Münhen (Germany) --- Горад Мюнхен (Germany) --- Horad Mi︠u︡nkhen (Germany) --- Мюнхен (Germany) --- Munic (Germany) --- Monacu di Baviera (Germany) --- Μόναχο (Germany) --- Monacho (Germany) --- Munkeno (Germany) --- Munĥeno (Germany) --- 뮌헨 (Germany) --- Mwinhen (Germany) --- Mnichow (Germany) --- מינכן (Germany) --- Monacum (Germany) --- Monachium (Germany) --- Minhene (Germany) --- Miunchenas (Germany) --- Минхен (Germany) --- ミュンヘン (Germany) --- Myunhen (Germany) --- Monaco 'e Baviera (Germany) --- Minche (Germany) --- Mùnich ëd Baviera (Germany) --- Minca (Germany) --- Mu̇nkhėn (Germany) --- Monaco de Baviera (Germany) --- Mynihu (Germany) --- Mònacu (Germany) --- Munike (Germany) --- Münih (Germany) --- Minkhn (Germany) --- Munix (Germany) --- Mionchens (Germany) --- 慕尼黑 (Germany) --- Munihei (Germany) --- Muenchen (Germany) --- Monakovo (Germany) --- Central Europe --- Weimar Republic, Germany, 1918-1933 --- Magyar Republic --- Ongaria --- Influence --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Gėrman --- Герман Улс --- BNUU --- БНУУ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Ungar Uls

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During the seventeenth century Hungary’s diverse population of peasants, townsmen, soldiers, and county nobles rose up against the violent imposition of the Counter-Reformation, the Habsburg military occupation, and exhorbitant war taxes. In The Habsburg Empire under Siege Georg Michels explores the little-known grassroots revolts that threatened the Habsburgs’ hold over the Hungarian borderlands. Based on extensive research in Hungarian, Austrian, and Dutch archives, this revisionist study shifts attention away from high politics, diplomacy, and military confrontation to the popular revolts that took place during the two decades before the 1683 siege of Vienna. Michels reveals a complex environment in which Calvinist Hungarians, Lutheran Slovaks, Lutheran Germans, and Orthodox Ukrainians worked to defend their religion against brutal Habsburg Counter-Reformation campaigns. Challenging preconceived notions of European, Middle Eastern, and East European history, this book tells a dramatic story of Reformation and Counter-Reformation violence, covering proxy wars, guerrilla warfare, refugee flight, migration from Hungary into Ottoman territory, and largely unknown Christian-Muslim encounters. Offering a trans-imperial perspective that reassesses the complex relationship between Hungarians, Habsburgs, and Ottomans, The Habsburg Empire under Siege portrays the resistance of ordinary men and women and their hopes for liberation from Habsburg oppression, reclaiming their place in history.

Revolutions --- Insurrections --- Rebellions --- Revolts --- Revolutionary wars --- History --- Political science --- Political violence --- War --- Government, Resistance to --- Habsburg, House of. --- Hungary --- Turkey --- Macaristan --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Magyar Népköztársaság --- Ungern --- Magyar Tanácsköztársaság --- Hungarian Republic --- Magyar Köztársaság (Republic) --- Oungaria --- Unkari --- Ungarn --- Hongrie --- Ungaria --- Ungheria --- Hungría --- Magyarország (Republic) --- Maďarsko --- Węgry --- Vengrii︠a︡ --- Hongarije --- VNR --- V.N.R. --- Hungaryah --- Hungari --- Hŏnggari --- Ungarii︠a︡ --- Republic of Hungary --- Hongaria --- Hongarye --- Republiek van Hongarye --- Macarıstan Respublikası --- Венгрыя --- Venhryi︠a︡ --- Mađarska --- Republika Mađarska --- Унгария --- Унгарската република --- Ungarskata republika --- Hongria --- República d'Hongria --- Republikang Unggaro --- Unggriya --- Mad̕arská republika --- Republica Ungrese --- Hwngari --- Gweriniaeth Hwngari --- Republik Ungarn --- Ungari --- Ungari Vabariik --- Ουγγαρία --- Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας --- Dēmokratia tēs Oungarias --- República de Hungría --- Hungario --- Hungarujo --- Hungara Respubliko --- Hungaria --- Hungariar Errepublika --- Hungariako Errepublika --- Tjóðveldið Ungarn --- République de Hongrie --- Ungáir --- Poblacht na hUngáire --- Ungaar --- Pobblaght ny h-Ungaar --- 헝가리 --- Hunakalia --- Republik Hongaria --- Ungverjaland --- Lýðveldið Ungverjaland --- הונגריה --- אונגארן --- Мажарстан --- Mazharstan --- Мажарстан Республикасы --- Mazharstan Respublikasy --- Венгрия --- Венгрия Республикасы --- Vengrii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Jamhuri ya Hungaria --- Madjaristan --- Repúvlika de Madjaristan --- רפובליקא דא מאגיאדיסטאן --- מאגיאדיסטאן --- Маджар --- Madzhar --- Маджар Республика --- Madzhar Respublika --- Respublica Hungarica --- Ungārija --- Ungārijas Republika --- Vengrija --- Vengrijos respublika --- Ungaïa --- Ungri --- Унгарија --- Република Унгарија --- Republika Ungarija --- Ungerija --- Hanekeria --- Унгар --- Ungar --- Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl Hungria --- Hongaarse Republiek --- ハンガリー --- Hangarī --- Hungrii --- Republikken Ungarn --- Ongria --- Republica d'Ongria --- Vengriya --- Vengriya Respublikasi --- Republika Węgierska --- República da Hungria --- Republica Ungară --- Republica Ungaria --- Венгерская Республика --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Lepulika o Hungary --- Republika e Hungarisë --- Unghirìa --- Madžarska --- Republika Madžarska --- Madźary --- Мађарска --- Република Мађарска --- Unkarin tasavalta --- Republiken Ungern --- Unggarya --- Republika ng Unggarya --- Majarstan Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Majoriston --- Macaristan Cumhuriyeti --- Угорщина --- Uhorshchyna --- Мадярщина --- Madi︠a︡rshchyna --- Угорська Республіка --- Uhorsʹka Respublika --- Oгорська Республіка --- Ohorsʹka Respublika --- Ongiri --- Oonguri --- Republik bu Oonguri --- Honharije --- Vengrėjė --- Vengrėjės Respoblėka --- 匈牙利 --- Xiongyali --- 匈牙利共和國 --- Xiongyali gong he guo --- Xiongyali Gongheguo --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Anatolia --- Anatolie --- Ānātūlī --- Asia Minor --- Asia Minore --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Buturuki --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Komara Tirkiyeyê --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Osmanskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Ottoman Empire --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Repóbblica d'l Turchî --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Repubblica di Turchia --- Republic of Turkey --- Republic of Türkiye --- República da Turquia --- Republica de Turchia --- Republica de Turquía --- Republica Turcia --- Republiek Turkeye --- Republiek Turkije --- Republiek van Turkye --- Republik bu Tirki --- Republik Tierkei --- Republik Turkäi --- Republik Türkei --- Républik Turki --- Republik Turkia --- Republika e Turqisë --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Republika Turcija --- Republika Turcji --- Republika Turcyje --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turkiya --- Republika Turkojska --- Republika Turska --- Republika Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- République de Turquie --- République turque --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- T.C. (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) --- Tagduda n Tturk --- TC --- Teki --- Tëreckô --- Ṭerḳay --- Ṭerḳishe Republiḳ --- Thekhi --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Thú-ngí-khì --- Tiakei --- Tierkei --- Tiki --- Tirki --- Tırkiya --- Tirkiye --- Ti︠u︡rk --- Ti︠u︡rk Respublika --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ Respublika --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Tʻŏkʻi --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Torkėjė --- Tȯrkiă --- Törkie --- Törkieë --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Török Köztársaság --- Törökország --- Toruko --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Tourkia --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Tturk --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Tū-ī-gì --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Tu'erqi --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tuirc --- Tunkī --- Turchî --- Turchia --- Turchie --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Turcia --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Turcja --- Turcland --- Turcyjo --- Turechchyna --- Turecká republika --- Turecko --- Tureke --- Turet︠s︡ka Respublika --- Turėtskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Tureuki --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Türgü --- Türgü Vabariik --- Turk --- Turkäi --- Turkaland --- Turkamastor --- Türkän --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Turkee --- Türkei --- Turkeya --- Turkeye --- Turki --- Turkia --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkieë --- Turkiet --- Turkii --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Tu̇rkiĭė --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Turkija --- Turkije --- Turkin tasavalta --- Turkio --- Turkiyā --- Turkiya Republika --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turkiyah --- Turkiyakondre --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Turkki --- Turkojska --- Turkowska --- Turkujo --- Turkya --- Turkyah --- Turkye --- Turqia --- Turquía --- Turquie (Repupblic) --- Turska --- Turtchie --- Turt︠s︡i --- Turt︠s︡i Respubliki --- Turt︠s︡iĭ --- Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turtsyi︠a︡ --- Turukiya --- Tuykia --- Twrci --- Tyrkia --- Tyrkiet --- Tyrkland --- Tẏrt︠s︡i --- Uturuki --- Vysokai︠a︡ Porta --- Whenua Korukoru --- Τουρκική Δημοκρατία --- Τουρκία --- Δημοκρατία της Τουρκίας --- Република Турска --- Република Турция --- Република Турција --- Турска --- Турцыя --- Турци --- Турци Республики --- Турция --- Турција --- Турций --- Турція --- Турчы Республикæ --- Турэцкая Рэспубліка --- Турк --- Туркань республиксь --- Туркамастор --- Турецька Республіка --- Турецка Республіка --- Турецкая Республика --- Туреччина --- Тюрк --- Тюрк Республика --- Тюркия --- Тюркия Республика --- רפובליקה הטורקית --- תורכיה --- טערקישע רעפובליק --- טערקיי --- טורקיה --- تركيا --- جمهورية التركية --- トルコ --- トルコ共和国 --- 土耳其 --- 土耳其共和國 --- 터키 --- 터키 공화국 --- Magyar Republic --- History of Southern Europe --- History of Eastern Europe --- anno 1600-1699 --- Ongaria --- BNUU --- БНУУ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Ungar Uls