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In the wake of the Arab Spring, newly empowered factions in Tunisia and Egypt vowed to work together to establish democracy. In Tunisia, political elites passed a new constitution, held parliamentary elections, and demonstrated the strength of their democracy with a peaceful transfer of power. Yet in Egypt, unity crumbled due to polarization among elites. Presenting a new theory of polarization under authoritarianism, the book reveals how polarization and the legacies of repression led to these substantially divergent political outcomes. The book documents polarization among the opposition in Tunisia and Egypt prior to the Arab Spring, tracing how different kinds of repression influenced the bonds between opposition groups.

Political persecution --- Polarization (Social sciences) --- Philosophy. --- Egypt --- Tunisia --- Politics and government --- Andrew Reynolds. --- Beji Caid Essebsi. --- Democratic Transitions in the Arab World. --- Hosni Mubarak. --- Ibrahim Elbadawi. --- Jason Brownlee. --- Marc Lynch. --- Middle East politics. --- Mohamed Bouazizi. --- Mohamed ElBaradei. --- Mohamed Ghannouchi. --- Mohamed Morsi. --- New Contentious Politics in the Middle East. --- Nidaa Tounes party. --- Omar Suleiman. --- Pathways of Repression and Reform. --- Samir Makdisi. --- Tarek Masoud. --- The Arab Spring. --- The Arab Uprisings Explained. --- Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. --- democratization. --- historical legacies. --- lab experiments. --- mixed methods. --- political psychology. --- process tracing.