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Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This Special Issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus–host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections but also include novel technological developments.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- ectoderm --- mesoderm --- human development --- embryogenesis --- interferon response --- interferon-induced genes --- self-organizing map (SOM) data portrayal --- epigenetic signature --- embryoid body --- TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathway --- interferon --- tumor necrosis factor --- STAT --- interferon regulatory factor --- antiviral --- autoimmunity --- inflammation --- hepatitis C virus --- HCV --- erlin-1 --- erlin-2 --- host factor --- endoplasmic reticulum --- RNA replication --- protein production --- virus production --- lipid droplet --- TAP-GFP --- fluorescent TAP platform --- antigen presentation --- MHC I --- immune evasion --- BoHV-1 UL49.5 --- virus --- calcium channels --- calcium pumps --- virus–host interaction --- Ebola virus --- filovirus --- inclusion bodies --- NXF1 --- liquid organelles --- mRNA export --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic virus --- herpes simplex virus --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- rabies --- uDISCO --- 3D imaging --- rabies pathogenicity --- astrocyte infection --- metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- HIV-1 spread --- cell-free infection --- cell–cell transmission --- 3D cultures --- mathematical modeling --- environmental restriction --- CAD --- pyrimidine synthesis --- HEV --- particle production --- viral replication --- virus entry --- hantavirus --- Tula virus --- replication --- factory --- RNA synthesis --- Golgi --- stress granules --- actin cytoskeleton --- nucleocapsid transport --- Arp2/3 complex --- ERAP2 --- ERAP2/Iso3 --- microbial infections --- alternative splicing --- SARS-CoV-2 --- host cell response --- coronavirus --- MERS-CoV --- SARS-CoV --- sialic acid --- Siglec --- antiviral peptide --- enveloped viruses --- membrane phosphatidylserine --- envelope disruption --- membrane damage --- antiviral autophagy --- galectin --- bacterial invasion --- adenovirus --- lysophagy --- ESCRT machinery --- cedar virus --- henipavirus --- fusion protein --- endocytosis --- biological activity --- feline coronavirus --- feline enteric coronavirus --- FECV --- feline infectious peritonitis virus --- FIPV --- feline intestinal organoids --- alphaviruses --- cell death --- mosquito --- tolerance

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Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This Special Issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus–host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections but also include novel technological developments.

ectoderm --- mesoderm --- human development --- embryogenesis --- interferon response --- interferon-induced genes --- self-organizing map (SOM) data portrayal --- epigenetic signature --- embryoid body --- TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathway --- interferon --- tumor necrosis factor --- STAT --- interferon regulatory factor --- antiviral --- autoimmunity --- inflammation --- hepatitis C virus --- HCV --- erlin-1 --- erlin-2 --- host factor --- endoplasmic reticulum --- RNA replication --- protein production --- virus production --- lipid droplet --- TAP-GFP --- fluorescent TAP platform --- antigen presentation --- MHC I --- immune evasion --- BoHV-1 UL49.5 --- virus --- calcium channels --- calcium pumps --- virus–host interaction --- Ebola virus --- filovirus --- inclusion bodies --- NXF1 --- liquid organelles --- mRNA export --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic virus --- herpes simplex virus --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- rabies --- uDISCO --- 3D imaging --- rabies pathogenicity --- astrocyte infection --- metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- HIV-1 spread --- cell-free infection --- cell–cell transmission --- 3D cultures --- mathematical modeling --- environmental restriction --- CAD --- pyrimidine synthesis --- HEV --- particle production --- viral replication --- virus entry --- hantavirus --- Tula virus --- replication --- factory --- RNA synthesis --- Golgi --- stress granules --- actin cytoskeleton --- nucleocapsid transport --- Arp2/3 complex --- ERAP2 --- ERAP2/Iso3 --- microbial infections --- alternative splicing --- SARS-CoV-2 --- host cell response --- coronavirus --- MERS-CoV --- SARS-CoV --- sialic acid --- Siglec --- antiviral peptide --- enveloped viruses --- membrane phosphatidylserine --- envelope disruption --- membrane damage --- antiviral autophagy --- galectin --- bacterial invasion --- adenovirus --- lysophagy --- ESCRT machinery --- cedar virus --- henipavirus --- fusion protein --- endocytosis --- biological activity --- feline coronavirus --- feline enteric coronavirus --- FECV --- feline infectious peritonitis virus --- FIPV --- feline intestinal organoids --- alphaviruses --- cell death --- mosquito --- tolerance

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Ubiquitination is a biological process mediated by ubiquitin itself, the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Currently, these multiple biological steps are revealed to participate in various life phenomena, such as cell proliferation, regulation of cell surface proteins expression, and mitochondrial function, which are profoundly related to human health and diseases. Although clinical applications targeting ubiquitination are still limited compared to those directed toward kinase systems such as tyrosine kinases, multiple enzymatic consequences should be future therapeutic implications. This Special Issue of IJMS entitled “Ubiquitination in Health and Disease” successfully published15 distinguished manuscripts, with a total of 66 international authors and. This book provides the latest and most useful information for researchers and scientists in this field.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- deubiquitinase --- degradation --- therapeutic target --- cancer --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- immune response --- regulation of gene expression --- ubiquitin system --- genetic diseases --- ubiquitin ligase --- deubiquitinases --- monoubiquitin signaling --- vesicular trafficking --- protein complex formation --- inflammation --- inhibitor --- innate immune --- interferon --- LUBAC --- NF-κB --- ubiquitin --- Parkinson’s disease --- dopa-responsive dystonia --- tyrosine hydroxylase --- α-synuclein --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- ubiquitination --- proteasomal degradation --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- mitochondria --- E3 ubiquitin ligase --- MITOL/MARCH5 --- salt-sensitive hypertension --- Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 --- epithelial sodium channel --- aldosterone sensitive distal nephron --- excitation-transcription coupling --- RNF183 --- RNF186 --- RNF182 --- RNF152 --- RING finger --- mTOR --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- osmotic stress --- ubiquitin code --- virus infection --- virus-host interaction --- tau protein --- semisynthesis --- disulfide-coupling --- polyubiquitin --- fibrils --- aggregation --- neurodegeneration --- deubiquitination --- inhibitors --- protein quality control --- proteolysis --- protein stabilization --- regulatory T cells --- mesenchymal stem cell --- cortical bone derived stem cell --- myocardial infarction --- blood pressure --- renal salt reabsorption --- vascular function --- ubiquitin proteasome system --- ubiquitin–proteasome pathway --- cilia --- ciliogenesis --- differentiation --- proliferation --- ciliopathy --- E3s --- DUBs --- UPS --- neurodegenerative disease --- immune-related diseases

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Zika virus (ZIKV), one of the flavivirus family members transmitted by mosquitos, was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO in February 2016 because of clusters of newborn microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders in Brazil. Most ZIKV infections result in a self-limited flu-like febrile disease, however, if contracted during pregnancy, the virus can also infect fetuses and cause a spectrum of birth defects known as congenital Zika syndrome. To date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs are licensed for ZIKV, and the virus has spread and become endemic to many tropical and sub-tropical countries. Included in this book are thirteen reports addressing diverse aspects of ZIKV–host interactions. These studies range from basic science to clinical research. It is expected that findings from these studies will contribute to a better understanding of the host cells interacting with ZIKV, and may serve as the basis for new diagnostics, antiviral therapies, and vaccine design.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Zika virus --- peroxisomes --- innate immune response --- interferon --- astrocytes --- fetal brain --- zika virus --- flaviviruses --- T cells --- host-pathogen interactions --- flavivirus --- tight junctions --- claudins --- ZO-1 --- blood-placental barrier --- placenta --- apoptosis --- viral replication --- Bcl-2 protein family --- ZIKV --- virus host interactions --- pathogenesis --- MR766 --- guinea pig --- subcutaneous --- vaginal --- sexual transmission --- virus transmission --- envelope protein --- glycosylation --- fusion loop --- viral fusion --- cell entry --- NS5 protein --- nuclear localization --- inflammation --- innate immunity --- extracellular vesicles --- cellular communication --- C6/36 cells --- human monocytes --- endothelial vascular cells --- protein–protein interaction --- non-structural viral proteins --- network --- JAK/STAT --- cytokine --- West Nile virus --- HSP90 --- NS5 --- virus–host interactions --- anti-viral signaling --- immune response --- inflammatory mediator --- Sertoli cells --- Leydig cells --- ZIKA virus --- arboviruses --- infertility --- IFN --- RIG-I --- MDA5 --- IFNAR1 --- zika --- host --- cell death --- peroxisome --- mosquito --- tight junction

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Ubiquitination is a biological process mediated by ubiquitin itself, the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Currently, these multiple biological steps are revealed to participate in various life phenomena, such as cell proliferation, regulation of cell surface proteins expression, and mitochondrial function, which are profoundly related to human health and diseases. Although clinical applications targeting ubiquitination are still limited compared to those directed toward kinase systems such as tyrosine kinases, multiple enzymatic consequences should be future therapeutic implications. This Special Issue of IJMS entitled “Ubiquitination in Health and Disease” successfully published15 distinguished manuscripts, with a total of 66 international authors and. This book provides the latest and most useful information for researchers and scientists in this field.

deubiquitinase --- degradation --- therapeutic target --- cancer --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- immune response --- regulation of gene expression --- ubiquitin system --- genetic diseases --- ubiquitin ligase --- deubiquitinases --- monoubiquitin signaling --- vesicular trafficking --- protein complex formation --- inflammation --- inhibitor --- innate immune --- interferon --- LUBAC --- NF-κB --- ubiquitin --- Parkinson’s disease --- dopa-responsive dystonia --- tyrosine hydroxylase --- α-synuclein --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- ubiquitination --- proteasomal degradation --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- mitochondria --- E3 ubiquitin ligase --- MITOL/MARCH5 --- salt-sensitive hypertension --- Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 --- epithelial sodium channel --- aldosterone sensitive distal nephron --- excitation-transcription coupling --- RNF183 --- RNF186 --- RNF182 --- RNF152 --- RING finger --- mTOR --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- osmotic stress --- ubiquitin code --- virus infection --- virus-host interaction --- tau protein --- semisynthesis --- disulfide-coupling --- polyubiquitin --- fibrils --- aggregation --- neurodegeneration --- deubiquitination --- inhibitors --- protein quality control --- proteolysis --- protein stabilization --- regulatory T cells --- mesenchymal stem cell --- cortical bone derived stem cell --- myocardial infarction --- blood pressure --- renal salt reabsorption --- vascular function --- ubiquitin proteasome system --- ubiquitin–proteasome pathway --- cilia --- ciliogenesis --- differentiation --- proliferation --- ciliopathy --- E3s --- DUBs --- UPS --- neurodegenerative disease --- immune-related diseases