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Pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma and neuroblastoma are the most common neural crest-derived tumors in adults and children, respectively. These neoplasms are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Some international studies currently underway are researching and evaluating the presence of any similarities and differences between these tumors. Hopefully, future results will reveal several potential novel genes and pathways that might have major roles in the pathogenesis and progression of these neoplasms. This book discusses epidemiology, genetics, and treatment of these malignancies.

Neuroblastoma. --- Nonchromaffin paraganglioma. --- Pheochromocytoma.

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Neuroblastoma, the most common extra-cranial pediatric solid tumor, is responsible for 9-15% of all pediatric cancer deaths. Its intrinsic heterogeneity makes it difficult to successfully treat, resulting in overall survival of 50% for half of the patients. Here we analyze the role in neuroblastoma of the adaptor protein p140Cap, encoded by the SRCIN1 gene. RNA-Seq profiles of a large cohort of neuroblastoma patients show that SRCIN1 mRNA levels are an independent risk factor inversely correlated to disease aggressiveness. In high-risk patients, SRCIN1 was frequently altered by hemizygous deletion, copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity, or disruption. Functional assays demonstrated that p140Cap is causal in dampening both Src and Jak2 kinase activation and STAT3 phosphorylation. Moreover, p140Cap expression decreases in vitro migration and anchorage-independent cell growth, and impairs in vivo tumor progression, in terms of tumor volume and number of spontaneous lung metastasis. p140Cap also contributes to an increased sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells to chemotherapy drugs and to the combined usage of doxorubicin and etoposide with Src inhibitors. Overall, we provide the first evidence that SRCIN1/p140Cap is a new independent prognostic marker for patient outcome and treatment, with a causal role in curbing the aggressiveness of neuroblastoma. We highlight the potential clinical impact of SRCIN1/p140Cap expression in neuroblastoma tumors, in terms of reducing cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy, one of the main issues for pediatric tumor treatment.

Neuroblastoma. --- Hutchinson's syndrome --- Pepper's syndrome --- Sympathicoblastoma --- Cancer in children --- Nervous system --- Sarcoma --- Cancer

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The materials published in the Special Issue reflect the real diversity of echinoderm metabolites and cover most of their specific classes and biomedical potential as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and even anticoagulant preparations. The metabolites include sea urchin naphtoquinoid pigments and their semi-synthetic derivatives, sea cucumber triterpene glycosides, esters of polyhydroxysteroids from starfish, sea urchins free sterols, and sea cucumber fucosylated chondroitin sulfates. This Special Issue, “Echinoderm Metabolites: Structure, Functions, and Biomedical Perspectives”, is a collection of articles about different scientific aspects concerning low molecular weight and biopolymer metabolites from echinoderms, including their isolation and chemical structures, biological activities, biosynthesis and evolution, biological functions, and obtaining of semi-synthetic derivatives of biologically active natural products. This Special Issue includes materials about sea urchin naphtoquinoid pigments and their semi-synthetic derivatives, sea cucumber triterpene glycosides, esters of polyhydroxysteroids from starfish, sea urchin free sterols, and sea cucumber fucosylated chondroitin sulfates.

Medicine --- prostate cancer --- thioglucoside conjugates --- natural products --- sea urchins --- glucose uptake --- polyhydroxysteroidal esters --- NMR spectra --- fatty acids --- starfish --- Ceramaster patagonicus --- cytostatic activity --- soft agar assay --- wound healing assay --- Colochirus quadrangularis --- triterpene glycosides --- quadrangularisosides --- sea cucumber --- cytotoxic activity --- Holothuria hilla --- Paracaudina chilensis --- fucosylated chondroitin sulfate --- anticoagulant activity --- echinochrome A --- echinamine A --- echinamine B --- herpes simplex virus type 1 --- Vero cells --- glycoprotein gD --- molecular docking --- Thyonidium kurilensis --- kurilosides --- Thenea muricata --- Aplysina sp. --- Pseudoanthomastus agaricus --- Montastraea cavernosa --- Buccinum sp. --- Pasiphaea tarda --- Phormosoma placenta --- Echinometra lucunter --- sterols --- gas chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells --- 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone --- O-glucoside --- thiomethylglycoside --- QSAR --- n/a

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The materials published in the Special Issue reflect the real diversity of echinoderm metabolites and cover most of their specific classes and biomedical potential as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and even anticoagulant preparations. The metabolites include sea urchin naphtoquinoid pigments and their semi-synthetic derivatives, sea cucumber triterpene glycosides, esters of polyhydroxysteroids from starfish, sea urchins free sterols, and sea cucumber fucosylated chondroitin sulfates. This Special Issue, “Echinoderm Metabolites: Structure, Functions, and Biomedical Perspectives”, is a collection of articles about different scientific aspects concerning low molecular weight and biopolymer metabolites from echinoderms, including their isolation and chemical structures, biological activities, biosynthesis and evolution, biological functions, and obtaining of semi-synthetic derivatives of biologically active natural products. This Special Issue includes materials about sea urchin naphtoquinoid pigments and their semi-synthetic derivatives, sea cucumber triterpene glycosides, esters of polyhydroxysteroids from starfish, sea urchin free sterols, and sea cucumber fucosylated chondroitin sulfates.

prostate cancer --- thioglucoside conjugates --- natural products --- sea urchins --- glucose uptake --- polyhydroxysteroidal esters --- NMR spectra --- fatty acids --- starfish --- Ceramaster patagonicus --- cytostatic activity --- soft agar assay --- wound healing assay --- Colochirus quadrangularis --- triterpene glycosides --- quadrangularisosides --- sea cucumber --- cytotoxic activity --- Holothuria hilla --- Paracaudina chilensis --- fucosylated chondroitin sulfate --- anticoagulant activity --- echinochrome A --- echinamine A --- echinamine B --- herpes simplex virus type 1 --- Vero cells --- glycoprotein gD --- molecular docking --- Thyonidium kurilensis --- kurilosides --- Thenea muricata --- Aplysina sp. --- Pseudoanthomastus agaricus --- Montastraea cavernosa --- Buccinum sp. --- Pasiphaea tarda --- Phormosoma placenta --- Echinometra lucunter --- sterols --- gas chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells --- 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone --- O-glucoside --- thiomethylglycoside --- QSAR --- n/a

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Medicine has evolved into a high level of specialization using the very detailed imaging of organs. This has impressively solved a multitude of acute health-related problems linked to single-organ diseases. Many diseases and pathophysiological processes, however, involve more than one organ. An organ-based approach is challenging when considering disease prevention and caring for elderly patients, or those with systemic chronic diseases or multiple co-morbidities. In addition, medical imaging provides more than a pretty picture. Much of the data are now revealed by quantitating algorithms with or without artificial intelligence. This Special Issue on “Systems Radiology and Personalized Medicine” includes reviews and original studies that show the strengths and weaknesses of structural and functional whole-body imaging for personalized medicine.

Medicine --- COVID-19 --- chest X-ray --- deep learning --- convolutional neural network --- Grad-CAM --- computed tomography --- image analysis --- osteoarthritis --- reliability --- FDG-PET/CT --- infection --- bloodstream infection --- endocarditis --- vascular graft infection --- spondylodiscitis --- cyst infection --- white blood cell scintigraphy --- total body PET/CT --- radiotracers --- artificial intelligence --- contrast media --- body composition --- large vessel vasculitis --- atherosclerosis --- imaging --- FDG-PET --- radiological imaging --- MRI --- non-contrast --- venography --- TRANCE --- QFlow --- neuroblastoma --- nuclear medicine --- radionuclide imaging --- [123I]mIBG --- [124I]mIBG --- [18F]mFBG --- [18F]FDG --- [68Ga]Ga-DOTA peptides --- [18F]F-DOPA --- [11C]mHED --- chronic limb-threatening ischemia --- peripheral arterial disease --- calcification pattern --- diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis --- risk factors --- adiposity --- intra-abdominal fat --- cardiorenal syndrome --- imaging biomarker --- tissue characterization --- cerebral aneurysm --- computational fluid dynamics --- hemodynamic --- morphological --- rupture --- n/a