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Despotism --- Dictatorship --- History, Modern --- Political ethics --- Democracy --- Political culture

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The Founding of Modern States is a bold comparative work that examines the rise of the modern state through six case studies of state formation. The book opens with an analysis of three foundings that gave rise to democratic states in Britain, the United States, and France and concludes with an evaluation of three formations that birthed non-democratic states in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Through a comparative analysis of these governments, the book argues that new state formations are defined by a metaphysical conception of a "will of the people" through which the new state is ritually granted sovereignty. The book stresses the paradoxical nature of modern foundings, characterized by "mythological imaginations," or the symbolic acts and rituals upon which a state is enabled to secure political and social order. An extensive study of some of the most important events in modern history, this book offers readers novel interpretations that will disrupt common narratives about modern states and the state of our modern world.

State, The --- Constitutional history. --- Dictatorship. --- World politics. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / General --- Colonialism --- Global politics --- International politics --- Political history --- Political science --- World history --- Eastern question --- Geopolitics --- International organization --- International relations --- Absolutism --- Autocracy --- Tyranny --- Authoritarianism --- Despotism --- Totalitarianism --- Constitutional history, Modern --- Constitutional law --- Constitutions --- History --- Administration --- Commonwealth, The --- Sovereignty

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Why do autocrats hold political trials when outcomes are presumed known from the start? Undue Process examines how autocrats weaponize the judiciary to stay in control. Contrary to conventional wisdom that courts constrain arbitrary power, Shen-Bayh argues that judicial processes can instead be used to legitimize dictatorship and dissuade dissent when power is contested. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa since independence, Shen-Bayh draws on fine-grained archival data on regime threats and state repression to explain why political trials are often political purges in disguise, providing legal cover for the persecution of regime rivals. This compelling analysis reveals how courts can be used to repress political challengers, institutionalize punishment, and undermine the rule of law. Engaging and illuminating, Undue Process provides new theoretical insights into autocratic judiciaries and will interest political scientists and scholars studying authoritarian regimes, African politics, and political control.

Due process of law. --- Dictatorship. --- Judicial process. --- Political crimes and offenses. --- Offenses against the State --- Offenses, Political --- Political offenses --- State, Offenses against the --- Crime --- Extradition --- Political violence --- Subversive activities --- Decision making, Judicial --- Judicial behavior --- Judicial decision making --- Judges --- Law --- Procedure (Law) --- Absolutism --- Autocracy --- Tyranny --- Authoritarianism --- Despotism --- Totalitarianism --- Access to justice (Due process of law) --- Procedural due process --- Substantive due process --- Civil rights --- Justice, Administration of --- Psychological aspects --- Interpretation and construction

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"Robespierre is arguably the most controversial and contradictory figure of the French Revolution. He still inspires more passionate debate than any other protagonist of those dramatic and violent events of the late eighteenth century, and he still retains both unconditional admirers as well as fierce critics. The fervor of those who defend the "incorruptible" is met with revulsion of by those invoke the bloodthirsty "tyrant". Robespierre, in fact, is the embodiment of the two competing memories of the Revolution, much as 1789 and 1793 still symbolize the two opposing faces of this foundational event: the glorious accession of liberty, on the one hand, and the excesses which terminated in the Terror, on the other. Only Robespierre is the link between the two. He championed the rights of the people in the Assembly and then through his Montagnard Convention provided the guillotine. In this extended essay, eminent French historian Marcel Gauchet reflects upon the insight that the contradictions of Robespierre were simply the contradictions of the French Revolution itself, in no small part because Robespierre was in his way the purest incarnation of the Revolution. He was neither the defender of the rights of man only later corrupted by power, nor the tyrant who betrayed the principles of the Revolution. He was both: the figure most associated with the founding of modern French democracy was also the first tyrant of that democracy. Gauchet argues that in Robespierre the transition from opposition to government was the embodiment of the tragedy inherent in the Revolution, as its own prophetic ideals were impossible to implement. To understand Robespierre, then, is really to understand the tragedy of modern democracy, for which the descent into tyranny is a perpetual danger"--

Revolutionaries --- Robespierre, Maximilien, --- de Robespierre, Maximilien --- Robespierre, Maximilien --- Public opinion. --- France --- Politics and government --- de Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore --- 10 August (French Revolution). --- Advocacy. --- Atheism. --- Attempt. --- Black Legend. --- Caen. --- Calculation. --- Camille Desmoulins. --- Capital punishment. --- Christianity. --- Committee of General Security. --- Committee of Public Safety. --- Confidence. --- Cordeliers. --- Counter-revolutionary. --- Criticism. --- Decree. --- Deliberation. --- Democracy. --- Despotism. --- Dictatorship. --- Economic Life. --- Embodiment of Evil. --- Explanation. --- Fanaticism. --- Georges Danton. --- Girondins. --- Government. --- Hatred. --- Hostility. --- Imminent peril. --- Impunity. --- Incorruptibility. --- Incumbent. --- Indictment. --- Individualism. --- Innuendo. --- Institution. --- Interdependence. --- Jacobin (politics). --- Jacobin. --- John Mearsheimer. --- Journalist (Russian magazine). --- Jurisprudence. --- Legislator. --- Legislature. --- Louis Antoine de Saint-Just. --- Maximilien Robespierre. --- Newspaper. --- Obedience (human behavior). --- Obligation. --- Patriotism. --- Petitioner. --- Political organization. --- Political spectrum. --- Politics. --- Pontiff. --- Prejudice. --- Provisional government. --- Public morality. --- Reactionary. --- Regulation. --- Reims. --- Religion. --- Render unto Caesar. --- Representative assembly. --- Resentment. --- Rhetoric. --- Right of conquest. --- Rights. --- Rule of law. --- Sans-culottes. --- September Massacres. --- Social law. --- Sovereign People. --- Sovereignty. --- Suggestion. --- The Mountain. --- The Public Interest. --- Uncertainty. --- Unrest. --- Veto. --- Women's March on Versailles.

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"In 63 BC the corrupt aristocrat Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline in English) aimed to topple the Roman Republic. Catiline attracted a wide array of supporters: debt-ridden men and women from prominent families, youths looking for adventure, the less well-off tried of a political class that seemed only to look out for its own interests. Frustrated in his efforts to be elected consul, Catiline fled Rome while several of his associates stayed behind with secret plans to torch the city and murder its leading politicians. The story of Catiline and his conspiracy is recounted by the Roman historian Sallust in his short book, The War with Catiline Sallust's account culminates with the unmasking of these urban conspirators at a meeting of the Senate, followed by a stormy debate that led to their execution, and then the ultimate defeat of Catiline and his legions in battle. While Catiline is at the heart of the story, some of the most important figures of Roman history play key roles in the story: Cicero, the ambitious young senator who calculated how best to protect Rome; Julius Caesar, who delivers a memorable speech defending the conspirators against execution; and Cato, an ardent defender of the Republic. Catiline himself is a fascinating figure - a bitter and haunted man, determined to destroy Rome, yet sympathetic to the plight of struggling Romans. This book offers a new translation of Sallust's account of the thwarted conspiracy framed for a contemporary audience. As the translator Josiah Osgood notes in his introduction, Sallust's work is not limited to just recounting the conspiracy but engages with broader questions, still relevant today, about how republics flourish and how they break down. Sallust also poignantly describes how the corruption of Rome's leaders, worried less about the common good and more about their own advancement, spread like a disease through Roman society. Claims of conspiracy, across the political spectrum, have abounded in our time much as they did in Ancient Rome. While Catiline's plot was real and the charges of conspiracy well-founded, Osgood aims to show how Sallust's short work can help us to think about the allure of explaining the world through conspiracies, both real and imagined. This makes it a still useful source of wisdom for reflecting on a very real problem for contemporary republics"--

Catiline, --- Rome --- History --- Aaron Burr. --- Abolitionism. --- Amiternum. --- Antonius. --- Assassination. --- Attempt. --- Behalf. --- Bribery. --- Capital punishment. --- Catiline. --- Cato the Elder. --- Cato the Younger. --- Cimbri. --- Complicity. --- Confiscation. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Criminal charge. --- Curtailment. --- Declamation. --- Decree. --- Demagogue. --- Despotism. --- Domitian. --- Explanation. --- False accusation. --- Farce. --- First Catilinarian conspiracy. --- Foray. --- Fraud. --- Gluttony. --- Gordian III. --- Gratus. --- Hostility. --- Iniuria. --- Invidia. --- Jugurthine War. --- Legislation. --- Lentulus. --- Macedonian Wars. --- March on Rome. --- Murder. --- Nativism (politics). --- Nobility. --- Optimates. --- Oxford University Press. --- Parody. --- Patrician (ancient Rome). --- Pederasty. --- Perjury. --- Plea. --- Political philosophy. --- Politics. --- Polyaenus. --- Pompey. --- Praetor. --- Pretext. --- Proconsul. --- Proscription. --- Psychology. --- Pungency. --- Punic Wars. --- Quaestor. --- Robbery. --- Secret ballot. --- Sedition. --- Septimius Severus. --- Sibylline Books. --- Slave Power. --- Smuggling. --- State of affairs (philosophy). --- Suetonius. --- Sulla. --- Superiority (short story). --- The Conspiracy of Catiline. --- The Fortune of War. --- The Ides of March (novel). --- The Machiavellian Moment. --- Third Macedonian War. --- Third Punic War. --- Thomas E. Ricks (journalist). --- Thucydides. --- Treachery (law). --- Trickster. --- Tyrannicide. --- Tyrant. --- Valentinian (play). --- Wealth. --- Wrongdoing.