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After two years of protracted political turmoil and delays in reforms, the authorities put in place in 2021 an ambitious fiscal consolidation program to ensure debt sustainability while creating fiscal space to address vast developmental needs. In late July, Fund Management approved a 9-month Staff Monitored Program (SMP) to support the government’s reform program aimed at stabilizing the economy, strengthening governance, and building a soundtrack-record of policy implementation towards an Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement. The first review was concluded satisfactorily in October. A Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) disbursement of SDR 14.2 million (50 percent of quota) was approved in January to provide urgent financing to support critical spending in health and catalyze additional donor resources. The RCF disbursement, the SDR 27.2 million allocation (96 percent of quota) and reforms underpinned by the SMP are contributing to address fragility including the adverse impact of the pandemic, improve government spending transparency and mitigate debt vulnerabilities, and create conditions that would help restore donor confidence and catalyze much-needed concessional financing.

Guinea-Bissau

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This paper discusses Guinea-Bissau’s 2002 Article IV Consultation and Third Review under the Staff-Monitored Program. Guinea-Bissau’s economy has recovered well from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Growth is projected to reach 3.8 percent in 2022 supported by a continued strong performance of the cashew sector and a relatively stable political situation. The authorities are committed to pursue fiscal consolidation in line with the 2022 budget objectives to continue securing overall debt sustainability. Sustained and inclusive growth will require strengthening governance as well as revenue mobilization to enable priority and infrastructure spending. High levels of nonperforming loans and a large undercapitalized bank need to be addressed to bolster financial intermediation. Also, diversification is needed to create job opportunities and reduce reliance on the cashew nut sector. Program performance at end-December 2021 toward establishing a track record was satisfactory. The 2022 budget and its execution, and the implementation of the tax reform package approved by parliament supports the envisaged fiscal consolidation path. Downside risks remain, including a more protracted high energy and food prices and pandemic that could trigger social tensions and political instability.

Guinea-Bissau

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After two years of protracted political turmoil and delays in reforms, the authorities put in place in 2021 an ambitious fiscal consolidation program to ensure debt sustainability while creating fiscal space to address vast developmental needs. In late July, Fund Management approved a 9-month Staff Monitored Program (SMP) to support the government’s reform program aimed at stabilizing the economy, strengthening governance, and building a soundtrack-record of policy implementation towards an Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement. The first review was concluded satisfactorily in October. A Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) disbursement of SDR 14.2 million (50 percent of quota) was approved in January to provide urgent financing to support critical spending in health and catalyze additional donor resources. The RCF disbursement, the SDR 27.2 million allocation (96 percent of quota) and reforms underpinned by the SMP are contributing to address fragility including the adverse impact of the pandemic, improve government spending transparency and mitigate debt vulnerabilities, and create conditions that would help restore donor confidence and catalyze much-needed concessional financing.

Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Public Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Diseases: Contagious --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Health Behavior --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Expenditure --- Public debt --- External debt --- Revenue administration --- Public financial management (PFM) --- International agencies --- Debts, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- Debts, External --- Revenue --- Communicable diseases --- Guinea-Bissau

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• Reference Manager
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After two years of protracted political turmoil and delays in reforms, the authorities put in place in 2021 an ambitious fiscal consolidation program to ensure debt sustainability while creating fiscal space to address vast developmental needs. In late July, Fund Management approved a 9-month Staff Monitored Program (SMP) to support the government’s reform program aimed at stabilizing the economy, strengthening governance, and building a soundtrack-record of policy implementation towards an Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement. The first review was concluded satisfactorily in October. A Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) disbursement of SDR 14.2 million (50 percent of quota) was approved in January to provide urgent financing to support critical spending in health and catalyze additional donor resources. The RCF disbursement, the SDR 27.2 million allocation (96 percent of quota) and reforms underpinned by the SMP are contributing to address fragility including the adverse impact of the pandemic, improve government spending transparency and mitigate debt vulnerabilities, and create conditions that would help restore donor confidence and catalyze much-needed concessional financing.

Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Public Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Diseases: Contagious --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Health Behavior --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Expenditure --- Public debt --- Arrears --- External debt --- Revenue administration --- Government debt management --- Public financial management (PFM) --- International agencies --- Debts, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- Debts, External --- Revenue --- Communicable diseases --- Guinea-Bissau

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A comprehensive photographic guide to the gull species of the Western PalearcticGulls occupy a particularly important place in the world of birds. But because they are notoriously difficult to identify, they have long been ignored in the ornithological literature. Gulls of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East offers the most up-to-date guide for gull identification in Europe and beyond. With a direct and visual approach, and an exhaustive abundance of beautiful color photographs, this book provides thorough accounts of all species and subspecies of gulls found in the Western Palearctic. The guide compares similar taxa and addresses the complexities of identifying hybrids. Gulls of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East will be the standard work for identifying these birds for some time to come.Richly illustrated with nearly 1400 color photographsThorough accounts of all species and subspecies of gulls found in the Western PalearcticUp-to-date information for easy and accurate identification of 45 species

Gulls. --- Middle East. --- Europe. --- Africa. --- African Great Lakes. --- Algeria. --- Alula. --- American herring gull. --- Armenian gull. --- Atlantic Europe. --- Baffin Island. --- Baltic Sea. --- Baltic region. --- Beak. --- Black-headed gull. --- Black-legged kittiwake. --- British Isles. --- Brown-headed gull. --- Cameroon. --- Canary Islands. --- Caspian Sea. --- Caspian gull. --- Central and Eastern Europe. --- Chukchi Sea. --- Commander Islands. --- Common gull. --- Davis Strait. --- East Africa. --- East Siberian Sea. --- Eastern Canada. --- Ethiopia. --- European Russia. --- European herring gull. --- Far East. --- Flight feather. --- Franklin's gull. --- Glaucous gull. --- Glaucous-winged gull. --- Glaucous. --- Great black-backed gull. --- Grey gull. --- Grey-headed gull. --- Guinea-Bissau. --- Gulf of Aqaba. --- Gulf of Suez. --- Gull wing. --- Gull. --- Heuglin's gull. --- Iceland gull. --- Iceland. --- Indian Ocean. --- Ivory gull. --- Kamchatka Peninsula. --- Kelp gull. --- Kenya. --- Kittiwake. --- Kumlien's gull. --- Kuril Islands. --- Labrador Sea. --- Larus. --- Laughing gull. --- Lesser black-backed gull. --- Little gull. --- Maghreb. --- Mediterranean Basin. --- Mediterranean Sea. --- Mediterranean gull. --- North Africa. --- North America. --- Northern Europe. --- Northwestern Europe. --- Pacific Ocean. --- Pallas's gull. --- Phalarope. --- Piebald. --- Plumage. --- Pomarine skua. --- Pribilof Islands. --- Red Sea. --- Relict gull. --- Ring-billed gull. --- Ross's gull. --- Sabine's gull. --- Scandinavian Peninsula. --- Scapular. --- Slaty-backed gull. --- Slender-billed gull. --- Sooty gull. --- South America. --- Southern Africa. --- Southern Europe. --- Southern Hemisphere. --- St. Matthew Island. --- Sub-Saharan Africa. --- Thayer's gull. --- Tunisia. --- United Arab Emirates. --- Vega gull. --- Western Palaearctic. --- Western gull. --- White-eyed gull. --- Wrangel Island. --- Yellow-legged gull.