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Death --- Proof and certification.

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Automatic theorem proving. --- Automated theorem proving --- Theorem proving, Automated --- Theorem proving, Automatic --- Artificial intelligence --- Proof theory

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Religion is relevant to all of us, whether we are believers or not. This book concerns two interrelated topics. First, how probable is God's existence? Should we not conclude that all divinities are human inventions? Second, what are the mental and social functions of endorsing religious beliefs? The answers to these questions are interdependent. If a religious belief were true, the fact that humans hold it might be explained by describing how its truth was discovered. If all religious beliefs are false, a different explanation is required. In this provocative book Herman Philipse combines philosophical investigations concerning the truth of religious convictions with empirical research on the origins and functions of religious beliefs. Numerous topics are discussed, such as the historical genesis of monotheisms out of polytheisms, how to explain Saul's conversion to Jesus, and whether any apologetic strategy of Christian philosophers is convincing. Universal atheism is the final conclusion.

Faith and reason. --- God --- Proof. --- Reason --- Faith and logic --- Logic and faith --- Reason and faith --- Reason and religion --- Religion and reason --- Religious aspects

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In a world awash in “fake news,” where public figures make unfounded assertions as a matter of course, a preeminent legal theorist ranges across the courtroom, the scientific laboratory, and the insights of philosophers to explore the nature of evidence and show how it is credibly established. In the age of fake news, trust and truth are hard to come by. Blatantly and shamelessly, public figures deceive us by abusing what sounds like evidence. Preeminent legal theorist Frederick Schauer proposes correctives, drawing on centuries of inquiry into the nature of evidence. Evidence is the basis of how we know what we think we know, but evidence is no simple thing. Evidence that counts in, say, the policymaking context is different from evidence that stands up in court. Law, science, historical scholarship, public and private decisionmaking—all rely on different standards of evidence. Exploring diverse terrain including vaccine and food safety, election-fraud claims, the January 2021 events at the US Capitol, the reliability of experts and eyewitnesses, climate science, art authentication, and even astrology, The Proof develops fresh insights into the challenge of reaching the truth. Schauer combines perspectives from law, statistics, psychology, and the philosophy of science to evaluate how evidence should function in and out of court. He argues that evidence comes in degrees. Weak evidence is still some evidence. The absence of evidence is not evidence of absence, but prolonged, fruitless efforts to substantiate a claim can go some distance in proving a negative. And evidence insufficient to lock someone up for a crime may be good enough to keep them out of jail. This book explains how to reason more effectively in everyday life, shows why people often reason poorly, and takes evidence as a pervasive problem, not just a matter of legal rules.

Empiricism. --- Evidence (Law). --- Evidence. --- Prova (Dret) --- Dret --- Proof --- Belief and doubt --- Faith --- Logic --- Philosophy --- Truth --- Extrinsic evidence --- Parol evidence --- Trial evidence --- Actions and defenses --- Judicial process --- Trial practice --- Estoppel --- Experience --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Rationalism --- Filosofia del dret --- Filosofia jurídica --- Lleis --- Lleis (Filosofia) --- Teoria del dret --- Dret natural --- Jurisprudència --- Evidència (Dret) --- Testimoniatge (Prova) --- Accions i defenses (Dret) --- Interrogatori de testimonis --- Pràctica forense --- Pràctica processal --- Procediment judicial --- Psicologia forense --- Testimonis --- Filosofia --- Teoria --- Burden of Proof. --- Epistemology. --- Evidence and Public Policy. --- Expertise. --- Experts. --- Facts and Public Policy. --- Proof. --- Scientific Evidence. --- Testimony. --- Truth.

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Avicenna believes that God must be understood in the first place as the Necessary Existent (wâǧib al-wuǧûd). In his various works, he provides different versions of an ingenious argument for the existence of the Necessary Existent-the so-called Proof of the Sincere (burhân al-ṣiddîqîn)-and argues that all the properties that are usually attributed to God can be extracted merely from God's having necessary existence. Considering the centrality of tawḥîd to Islam, the first thing Avicenna tries to extract from God's necessary existence is God's oneness. The aim of the present Element is to provide a detailed discussion of Avicenna's arguments for the existence and unity of God. Through this project, the author hopes to clarify how, for Avicenna, the Islamic concept of monotheism is intertwined with the concept of essential existence.

God (Islam) --- Proof --- History of doctrines. --- Avicenna, --- Islam --- Allah --- Monotheism (Islam) --- Al-Hosain ben Abdallah ben Sînâ, Abou Alî --- Avicenna Latinus --- Avicenne --- Avicene --- Ibn Sīnā, al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allāh --- Al-Hoessein Ibn Abdoellah Ibn Sînâ, Abou Alî