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Increasingly, countries are recognising the contribution social enterprises make to economic and inclusive growth and sustainable development. While some form of legislation on social enterprises exists in 16 EU countries, and explicit policies or strategies to boost their development exist in the other 11 EU countries, policy makers recognise that legislation can help address current shortcomings and facilitate future social enterprise development. Based on consultations with more than 80 experts, policy makers and stakeholders from 10 European countries, this manual explains the rationale behind legal frameworks for social enterprises, identifies the critical factors for legal framework design and recommends actions to ensure legislation fully meets the needs of social enterprises. It lays out the fundamental steps related to the life cycle of legal frameworks and provides options that policy makers can use in the design and implementation process.
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Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Rail Transportation, held in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China, July 5-6, 2021. Sponsored by Southwest Jiaotong University and the Transportation & Development Institute of ASCE.This collection contains 59 peer-reviewed papers on recent rail industry research, including high-speed railways, heavy-haul railways, and urban rail transit systems.Topics include: infrastructure development; design, construction, and maintenance; rail vehicles; communications systems; traction power; and operations and the environment.This proceedings will be of interest to practicing engineers and researchers working in all areas of rail transportation..
Rail transportation --- Railroad trains --- Urban and regional development --- Urban and regional development
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Italy's National Action Plan for Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD) brings together the institutional mechanisms, evaluation frameworks and coherence tools needed to integrate sustainable development into government policy making. This Action Plan shows how to streamline existing mechanisms to improve policy coherence across levels of government and to involve civil society more closely in policy formulation. It also suggests how to make the most of complementarities across existing data collection efforts. The Action Plan includes suggestions for better linking mandates across departments and levels of government to avoid overlap and make greater progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Finally, it provides targets and measurable processes for each action to help track progress.
Environment --- Governance --- Urban, Rural and Regional Development --- Development --- Italy
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The spatial distribution of economic activity is known to depend on trade costs, both international and domestic. This paper examines the interplay between these external and internal trade costs using a model of trade and production that is tested with the organized manufacturing sector data for India from 1989 to 2009. The analysis establishes that the trade liberalization episode of the early 1990s helped spread manufacturing away from the primary region (districts closest to ports) to the secondary region between 1994 and 2000. Such dispersion of activity away from the primary to the secondary region was driven by high internal trade costs that insulated manufacturers from import competition. This trend reversed post-2000, a period of massive decline in internal trade costs, attributed to the Golden Quadrilateral highway upgrades. During this period, the districts along the highway network in the secondary region gained market access and manufacturing activity, while those off the network lost. Irrespective of the period, or the nature of trade costs, manufacturing activity in the interior region (districts farthest from ports) remained depressed, thereby emphasizing the importance of complementary conditions in driving territorial development.
Manufactures --- Cost and price marks. --- Regional development. --- Costs.
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Community development. --- Community development --- Regional development --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Social planning --- Citizen participation --- Government policy
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Community development. --- Community development --- Regional development --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Social planning --- Citizen participation --- Government policy
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are essential drivers of sustainable economic growth in the Western Balkans and Turkey, where they make up 99% of all firms, generate 65% value added and account for 75% of employment. Nevertheless, SMEs across the region continue to face obstacles such as difficulties accessing financing, low levels of digital uptake, regulatory barriers and relatively low participation in international trade. The situation has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic: SMEs found themselves fighting for survival amidst reduced demand, lockdowns and travel restrictions, and supply chain disruptions. This report provides an overview of the implementation of the Small Business Act for Europe during the period 2019-22. It is designed to help policy makers design, implement and monitor policies to support the recovery of SMEs from the pandemic, boost their competitiveness based on OECD and EU good practices, and further enhance the region's economic growth and resilience. Â
Urban, Rural and Regional Development --- Development --- Industry and Services --- Albania --- Bosnia and Herzegovina --- Kosovo --- Montenegro --- North Macedonia --- Serbia
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Climatic changes --- Community development. --- Community development --- Social aspects. --- Regional development --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Social planning --- Citizen participation --- Government policy
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Climatic changes --- Community development. --- Community development --- Social aspects. --- Regional development --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Social planning --- Citizen participation --- Government policy
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Communities --- Community development. --- Community theater. --- Philosophy. --- Community development --- Regional development --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Social planning --- Community plays, etc. --- Theater --- Little theater movement --- Citizen participation --- Government policy
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