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"Archaeology is a science of small but important incremental steps toward understanding the past. Basketmaker Beginnings instead marks a giant leap forward in archaeologists' understanding of the earliest maize farmers north and west of the Colorado River. This volume, based on the results of excavations at Jackson Flat Reservoir just south of Kanab, examines a litany of firsts: The earliest Archaic pithouses anywhere in the region are found here, maize farmers from southern Arizona arrived here a thousand years earlier than any previously reported evidence north of the Colorado River, and the emergence of a complex Basketmaker farming and foraging adaptation culminated in the construction of a large ceremonial or community structure, also a first for the region. In this collection of papers, specialists in Far Western Puebloan culture, architecture, settlement patterns, subsistence, chronometry, and prehistoric technologies offer new perspectives of the first farmers and villagers to settle along the base of the Vermilion Cliffs on the Utah-Arizona border, beginning about 1000 BC and long before the much-studied Basketmakers had emerged in the Four Corners region. In Basketmaker Beginnings, archaeologists make a compelling case that farming was introduced to the region by San Pedro immigrants, and that the blending of farmers with local foraging groups gave rise to a Basketmaker lifeway by 200 BC. This expression evolved over the next ten centuries to reflect clusters of pithouses, increasingly elaborate storage structures, locally distinct artifact traditions, and increased social complexity characterized by changing economic relationships to groups in southern Arizona and the California coast. The Basketmaker presence in southern Utah has traditionally been viewed as peripheral to the developments originating in the Four Corners region. Basketmaker Beginnings offers an entirely new and provocative perspective: The origins of farming on the northern Colorado Plateau are instead found far, far to the west along Kanab Creek"--

Excavations (Archaeology) --- Basket making --- Basket-Maker Indians --- Antiquities. --- Four Corners Region

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Bien des ouvrages sont consacrés à Empédocle d'Agrigente, poète et philosophe qui vécut dans la Sicile grecque du Ve siècle avant J. -C. Mais aucun jusqu'ici ne s'est concentré sur la question du rapport critique d'Empédocle aux dieux traditionnels de la Grèce antique, ni sur sa façon de rebâtir un panthéon qui lui est propre. Sur le chemin des dieux réunit quinze articles, dont cinq inédits. Il y est notamment question des quatre dieux (Zeus, Héra, Aïdôneus ou Hadès, Nestis) auxquels, selon Empédocle, renvoient les quatre éléments du monde physique, et de l'intérêt que l'Agrigentin pouvait avoir à mettre en avant des dieux à la fois reçus en son temps et en décalage par rapport au Panthéon traditionnel : outre Zeus, Héra et Hadès, Empédocle repensait de grands dieux comme Apollon ou Perséphone pour les faire entrer dans le monde physique ; face à la déesse Amour (Aphrodite), il campait, sur un pied d'égalité, une divinité de la Haine ; en opposition à une divinité qui porte la Parole de Zeus, il instaurait, avec toute la force du paradoxe, Sagesse. Le dernier article, inédit, de cet ouvrage tente de comprendre la réincarnation à laquelle pouvait croire l'Agrigentin. Selon Empédocle, des divinités (les daimones) font le lien entre diverses vies de mortels terrestres. On réduit souvent la croyance d'Empédocle à celle de Pythagore, qui croyait à la métempsychose. Les daimones d'Empédocle seraient des âmes individuelles qui transmigrent. Mais les vers d'Empédocle dont nous disposons ne se prêtent pas à cette réduction. Jean-Claude Picot, avec érudition et sagacité, nous aide à refaire le chemin qui a conduit Empédocle aux daimones.

Dieux grecs --- Réincarnation --- Empédocle --- Critique et interprétation --- Et les religions --- Reincarnation --- Empedocles --- Four elements (Philosophy) --- Gods, Greek --- Good and evil --- Empedocles.

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Tracing the lives of four women as they came of age in revolutionary-era Nicaragua and later immigrated to Italy, this book examines social agency and its limits in the context of present-day Latin America and Europe.

Nicaraguans --- Women immigrants --- Women --- Social conditions. --- Nicaragua --- Italy --- Emigration and immigration --- Social aspects. --- Four Women’s Lives. --- Immigration. --- Italy. --- Nicaragua. --- Oral History. --- Revolution. --- Social Mobility. --- Structural Violence. --- Structured Agency.

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Existing scholarship has not systematically examined BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa) as a rising power de-dollarization coalition, despite the group developing multiple de-dollarization initiatives to reduce currency risk and bypass US sanctions. To fill this gap, this study develops a 'Pathways to De-dollarization' framework and applies it to analyze the institutional and market mechanisms that BRICS countries have created at the BRICS, sub-BRICS, and BRICS Plus levels. This framework identifies the leaders and followers of the BRICS de-dollarization coalition, assesses its robustness, and discerns how BRICS mobilizes other stakeholders. The authors employ process tracing, content analysis, semi-structured interviews, archival research, and statistical analysis of quantitative market data to analyze BRICS activities during 2009-2021. They find that BRICS' coalitional de-dollarization initiatives have established critical infrastructure for a prospective alternative nondollar global financial system. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

International trade. --- BRIC countries --- Commercial policy. --- Foreign economic relations. --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Big Four countries --- BRICS countries --- Dollarization --- Monetary policy --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- economics --- emerging markets

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This book focuses on the traditional Chinese ritual system of sacrifice to mountain and water spirits, a significant but largely overlooked sub-field of Chinse religious studies. This system mainly comprised the five sacred peaks, five strongholds, four seas, and four waterways, and was maintained for two thousand years in imperial China. As state ritual, it was constructed of by Confucian ritual culture, but in practice, it gradually interacted and integrated with various religious traditions, such as Daoism, Buddhism, and folk belief, especially in its local manifestation and dissemination. The eighteen great mountains and waters marked geographical and directional borders and territories modelled on the yin-yang and five-phase framework that helped shape Chinese people’s cosmographical understanding of the world. Together, they constituted a set of sacred spaces symbolizing the sanctioned political legitimacy of the imperium and functioning as the loca for communication with the divine, as well as the media between religion and its secular context, state ideology and local beliefs, or various ethnic groups. Through the discovery of a rich variety of historical sources, especially stele inscriptions preserved in the sacrificial temples, the contributors of the ten chapters in this volume examine the sacred peaks, strongholds, seas, and waterways respectively. While each of the chapters explores one or more perspectives, together they reveal the rich implications and ramification of the ritual system and present the first comprehensive study of this sub-field.

Religion & beliefs --- five sacred peaks --- five strongholds --- four seas --- four waterways --- state ritual system of sacrifice --- Chinese religion --- Chinese historical geography --- South Sea God --- state sacrificial ritual --- Zhang Jiuling --- Zhang Jiuzhang --- Zhang Jiugao --- Tang dynasty --- Buddhism --- Mount Yi --- Eastern Stronghold Temple --- state sacrifice --- Daoism --- Complete Perfection Daoism --- early Chinese poetry --- medieval Chinese poetry --- rivers --- fu (rhapsody) --- Milky Way --- noble titles --- mountain and water spirits --- Tang era --- Mount Yiwulü --- Northern Stronghold --- Beizhen --- ethnic minority in northern China --- legitimacy of political regime --- the Yangzi River --- water spirits --- official sacrifice --- codes of state ritual --- imperial power --- Tang China --- Sima Chengzhen --- shrines for the perfected lords of the five sacred peaks --- sacred river --- Jidu --- state ritual system --- political legitimacy --- religious practice --- imperial China --- the South Sea God --- sacrificial ritual --- national god --- folk god --- localization