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Many researchers around the world have demonstrated that the expression of miRNAs is dysregulated in different tumors. Such dysregulation is caused by multiple mechanisms, and exposure to different carcinogens causes dysregulated epigenetic changes and defects in the miRNA biogenesis machinery. Cancer cells with abnormal miRNA expression evolve the capability to sustain proliferative signaling, evade growth suppressors, resist cell death, activate invasion and metastasis, and induce angiogenesis. Genome-wide profiling demonstrates that miRNA expression signatures are associated with tumor type, tumor grade and clinical outcomes, so miRNAs could be potential candidates for diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets and preventive screening programs. Although miRNAs have multiple targets, their function in tumorigenesis is due to their regulation of a few specific targets. After the first detection of altered miRNA in leukemia, microRNAs have been demonstrated to be constantly altered in all cancer. More recently, microRNA has been shown to be altered by exposure to environmental carcinogens, thus driving the whole process of carcinogenesis. Our aim is to provide a rigorous peer review and publish cutting-edge research on the role of microRNA in cancer prevention therapy to educate and inspire the scientific community worldwide.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- breast cancer --- miRNAs --- liquid biopsy --- angiogenesis --- biomarkers --- early diagnosis --- air pollution --- biomarker --- exposure --- human --- lung cancer --- miRNA --- carcinogenesis --- microRNA --- asbestos exposure --- oral squamous cell carcinoma --- diagnosis --- prognosis --- saliva --- neuroblastoma --- MYCN amplification --- metastases --- chemoresistance --- public health genomics --- genetic polymorphisms --- epigenetic modulations --- genetic and microbiome markers --- health technology assessment --- early disease prevention --- nonsmokers lung cancer --- environmental risk factors --- oncogenes --- mutations --- glioblastoma --- microRNAs --- cancer --- qPCR --- cancer stem cells --- plasticizers --- in vitro study --- PRISMA --- no-smokers lung cancer --- DNA adducts --- mesothelioma --- extracellular vesicles --- miR-625 --- fluoro-edenite --- asbestos --- malignant mesothelioma --- cancer prevention --- microbiota --- epigenetics --- environmental pollutants --- cutaneous tissues --- ozone exposure --- n/a

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Many researchers around the world have demonstrated that the expression of miRNAs is dysregulated in different tumors. Such dysregulation is caused by multiple mechanisms, and exposure to different carcinogens causes dysregulated epigenetic changes and defects in the miRNA biogenesis machinery. Cancer cells with abnormal miRNA expression evolve the capability to sustain proliferative signaling, evade growth suppressors, resist cell death, activate invasion and metastasis, and induce angiogenesis. Genome-wide profiling demonstrates that miRNA expression signatures are associated with tumor type, tumor grade and clinical outcomes, so miRNAs could be potential candidates for diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets and preventive screening programs. Although miRNAs have multiple targets, their function in tumorigenesis is due to their regulation of a few specific targets. After the first detection of altered miRNA in leukemia, microRNAs have been demonstrated to be constantly altered in all cancer. More recently, microRNA has been shown to be altered by exposure to environmental carcinogens, thus driving the whole process of carcinogenesis. Our aim is to provide a rigorous peer review and publish cutting-edge research on the role of microRNA in cancer prevention therapy to educate and inspire the scientific community worldwide.

breast cancer --- miRNAs --- liquid biopsy --- angiogenesis --- biomarkers --- early diagnosis --- air pollution --- biomarker --- exposure --- human --- lung cancer --- miRNA --- carcinogenesis --- microRNA --- asbestos exposure --- oral squamous cell carcinoma --- diagnosis --- prognosis --- saliva --- neuroblastoma --- MYCN amplification --- metastases --- chemoresistance --- public health genomics --- genetic polymorphisms --- epigenetic modulations --- genetic and microbiome markers --- health technology assessment --- early disease prevention --- nonsmokers lung cancer --- environmental risk factors --- oncogenes --- mutations --- glioblastoma --- microRNAs --- cancer --- qPCR --- cancer stem cells --- plasticizers --- in vitro study --- PRISMA --- no-smokers lung cancer --- DNA adducts --- mesothelioma --- extracellular vesicles --- miR-625 --- fluoro-edenite --- asbestos --- malignant mesothelioma --- cancer prevention --- microbiota --- epigenetics --- environmental pollutants --- cutaneous tissues --- ozone exposure --- n/a

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A revelatory tale of how the human brain develops, from conception to birth and beyondBy the time a baby is born, its brain is equipped with billions of intricately crafted neurons wired together through trillions of interconnections to form a compact and breathtakingly efficient supercomputer. Zero to Birth takes you on an extraordinary journey to the very edge of creation, from the moment of an egg’s fertilization through each step of a human brain’s development in the womb—and even a little beyond.As pioneering experimental neurobiologist W. A. Harris guides you through the process of how the brain is built, he takes up the biggest questions that scientists have asked about the developing brain, describing many of the thrilling discoveries that were foundational to our current understanding. He weaves in a remarkable evolutionary story that begins billions of years ago in the Proterozoic eon, when multicellular animals first emerged from single-cell organisms, and reveals how the growth of a fetal brain over nine months reflects the brain’s evolution through the ages. Our brains have much in common with those of other animals, and Harris offers an illuminating look at how comparative animal studies have been crucial to understanding what makes a human brain human.An unforgettable chronicle of one of nature’s greatest achievements, Zero to Birth describes how the brain’s incredible feat of orchestrated growth ensures that every brain is unique, and how breakthroughs at the frontiers of science are helping us to decode many traits that only reveal themselves later in life.

SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Neuroscience. --- Action potential. --- Agrin. --- Angiogenesis. --- Antibody. --- Apoptosis. --- Astrocyte. --- Axon guidance. --- Axon. --- Blastula. --- Brain asymmetry. --- Broca's area. --- Cancer cell. --- Cell type. --- Cerebral atrophy. --- Cerebral cortex. --- Charles Darwin. --- Chemical synapse. --- Critical period. --- Cyclopamine. --- Degenerative disease. --- Dendrite. --- Down syndrome. --- Ectoderm. --- Embryo. --- Embryology. --- Endocrinology. --- Eric Knudsen. --- Evolution. --- FOXP2. --- Filopodia. --- Forebrain. --- Ganglion cell. --- Gastrulation. --- Gene. --- Growth cone. --- Hans Spemann. --- Hebbian theory. --- Hindbrain. --- Hirschsprung's disease. --- Homeosis. --- Hox gene. --- Human brain. --- Immortalised cell line. --- John Gurdon. --- Lancelot Hogben. --- Lateralization of brain function. --- Marian Diamond. --- Midbrain. --- Model organism. --- Morphogen. --- Motor neuron. --- Muscle. --- Myocyte. --- Nematode. --- Nervous tissue. --- Neural crest. --- Neural development. --- Neural plate. --- Neural stem cell. --- Neural tube defect. --- Neural tube. --- Neuroblast. --- Neuroblastoma. --- Neuroepithelial cell. --- Neuroglia. --- Neuroimaging. --- Neuron doctrine. --- Neuron. --- Organoid. --- Petri dish. --- Progenitor cell. --- Proneural genes. --- Protein. --- Protocadherin. --- Purkinje cell. --- Reeler. --- Reelin. --- Renshaw cell. --- Reticular theory. --- Retinoic acid. --- Roel Nusse. --- Ross Granville Harrison. --- Sarcoma. --- Sonic hedgehog. --- Spina bifida. --- Spinal cord. --- Spindle apparatus. --- Stem cell. --- Sydney Brenner. --- Synapsis. --- Synaptic plasticity. --- Thomas Hunt Morgan. --- Thrombospondin. --- Torsten Wiesel. --- Transformation (genetics). --- Twin. --- Vertebrate. --- Visual word form area. --- White blood cell. --- Zygote. --- Brain --- Growth. --- Neuronal Plasticity --- SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Neuroscience --- SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Developmental Biology --- growth & development --- embryology --- physiology

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This Special Issue, entitled "Synthetic Peptides and Peptidomimetics: From Basic Science to Biomedical Applications", has included both reviews and original research contributions focused on the chemical design and biomedical applications of structurally modified bioactive peptides. The papers collected show how successful this class of molecules still is, both as model molecules for studying the structure of proteins and as potential therapeutics and diagnostics, and also as laboratory tools for advanced basic and applied studies. The large scientific community working in this field is in fact very active and productive, and is making the most of the potential and versatility of these molecules to generate increasingly interesting and innovative molecules of therapeutic interest and to understand the fundamental molecular mechanisms of life.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- polymers --- peptidomimetics --- AFM --- transfection --- molecular modelling --- peptide --- α-helix --- hydrocarbon stapling --- ring-closing metathesis --- i,i + 1 staple --- X-ray structure --- deferoxamine --- RGD peptides --- integrins --- radiodiagnostics --- PET imaging --- retro-inverso peptides --- anticancer peptides --- drug delivery --- peptide antigens --- Aβ --- IAPP --- antimicrobial peptides --- peptides --- diagnostic --- ELISA --- microarray --- PET --- SPECT --- imaging diagnostic --- non-imaging diagnostic --- amphiphilic peptides --- non-viral gene delivery --- nanocarrier --- peptide self-assemblies --- stimuli responsive --- SARS-CoV-2 --- FRET --- molecular docking --- molecular dynamics --- MM-GBSA --- drug repurposing --- antiviral --- cancer --- cyclic peptide --- integrin --- αvβ3 --- ALOS4 --- melanoma --- fluorescent peptide --- environment-sensitive fluorophore --- peptide labeling --- luciferin --- membrane-binding peptide --- antimicrobial peptide --- antitumor peptide --- RGD peptide --- antiproliferative activity --- chirality --- conformational analysis --- density functional theory (DFT) --- ferrocene --- hydrogen bonds --- peptidomimetic --- X-ray --- protein–protein interactions (PPIs) --- voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels --- fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) --- medium spiny neurons (MSNs) --- nucleus accumbens (NAc) --- neurotherapeutics --- cyclophilin A (CypA) --- apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) --- human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells --- staurosporine-mediated cell death --- AIF(370-394) peptide --- caspase-3 --- PARP --- antifungal --- antibacterial --- peptide-based therapies --- synthetic peptides

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This Special Issue, entitled "Synthetic Peptides and Peptidomimetics: From Basic Science to Biomedical Applications", has included both reviews and original research contributions focused on the chemical design and biomedical applications of structurally modified bioactive peptides. The papers collected show how successful this class of molecules still is, both as model molecules for studying the structure of proteins and as potential therapeutics and diagnostics, and also as laboratory tools for advanced basic and applied studies. The large scientific community working in this field is in fact very active and productive, and is making the most of the potential and versatility of these molecules to generate increasingly interesting and innovative molecules of therapeutic interest and to understand the fundamental molecular mechanisms of life.

polymers --- peptidomimetics --- AFM --- transfection --- molecular modelling --- peptide --- α-helix --- hydrocarbon stapling --- ring-closing metathesis --- i,i + 1 staple --- X-ray structure --- deferoxamine --- RGD peptides --- integrins --- radiodiagnostics --- PET imaging --- retro-inverso peptides --- anticancer peptides --- drug delivery --- peptide antigens --- Aβ --- IAPP --- antimicrobial peptides --- peptides --- diagnostic --- ELISA --- microarray --- PET --- SPECT --- imaging diagnostic --- non-imaging diagnostic --- amphiphilic peptides --- non-viral gene delivery --- nanocarrier --- peptide self-assemblies --- stimuli responsive --- SARS-CoV-2 --- FRET --- molecular docking --- molecular dynamics --- MM-GBSA --- drug repurposing --- antiviral --- cancer --- cyclic peptide --- integrin --- αvβ3 --- ALOS4 --- melanoma --- fluorescent peptide --- environment-sensitive fluorophore --- peptide labeling --- luciferin --- membrane-binding peptide --- antimicrobial peptide --- antitumor peptide --- RGD peptide --- antiproliferative activity --- chirality --- conformational analysis --- density functional theory (DFT) --- ferrocene --- hydrogen bonds --- peptidomimetic --- X-ray --- protein–protein interactions (PPIs) --- voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels --- fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) --- medium spiny neurons (MSNs) --- nucleus accumbens (NAc) --- neurotherapeutics --- cyclophilin A (CypA) --- apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) --- human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells --- staurosporine-mediated cell death --- AIF(370-394) peptide --- caspase-3 --- PARP --- antifungal --- antibacterial --- peptide-based therapies --- synthetic peptides