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Have you ever thought of renting a washing machine or subscribing to a ventilation service? The transition from a linear to a more circular economy that uses less scarce raw materials and causes less negative environmental impact, entails new business models and a shift from buying products to using products ('servitization', 'access-based consumption'). This trend has a huge potential, also in economic terms, not the least in b2b markets. However, taking into account behavioral barriers, and in absence of a clear regulatory framework, users feel uncertain and hesitant to engage in new, circular product-service systems ('PSS'). This book compiles the academic papers presented at a two-day international and interdisciplinary conference held in Leuven on 21 and 22 April 2022. This conference was organized at KU Leuven by Consumer Competition Market, in cooperation with the Renson Chair for data-driven servitization in creating healthy spaces, with the support of the European Law Institute. This book identifies economic and behavioral drivers and barriers of servitization as well as the main legal challenges in the servitization process.

BPB9999 --- BPB2307 --- circulaire economie --- кружна економија --- cirkulär ekonomi --- économie circulaire --- kružno gospodarstvo --- circular economy --- Kreislaufwirtschaft --- economia circolare --- žiedinė ekonomika --- кръгова икономика --- ekonomija ċirkolari --- economie circulară --- obehové hospodárstvo --- geilleagar ciorclach --- economia circular --- κυκλική οικονομία --- cirkulær økonomi --- gospodarka o obiegu zamkniętym --- oběhové hospodářství --- körforgásos gazdaság --- aprites ekonomika --- ringmajandus --- krožno gospodarstvo --- kiertotalous --- economía circular --- Paket zur Kreislaufwirtschaft --- ringmajanduse tegevuskava --- paquete de medidas sobre la economía circular --- pacchetto sull'economia circolare --- sveženj ukrepov za krožno gospodarstvo --- žiedinės ekonomikos dokumentų rinkinys --- pakkett tal-ekonomija ċirkolari --- kierrätystalous --- paquet économie circulaire --- plan działania dotyczący gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym --- aprites ekonomikas rīcības plāns --- plan d’action économie circulaire --- plan de acción para la economía circular --- kredsløbsøkonomi --- pjan ta’ azzjoni għall-ekonomija ċirkolari --- Aktionsplan für die Kreislaufwirtschaft --- pachetul de măsuri privind economia circulară --- циркуларна економија --- pacote de economia circular --- kiertotalouden toimintasuunnitelma --- pacchetto di misure sull’economia circolare --- akcijski plan za kružno gospodarstvo --- körforgásos gazdaságról szóló csomag --- handlingsplan for den cirkulære økonomi --- aprites ekonomikas tiesību aktu pakete --- piano d'azione per l'economia circolare --- balíček týkající se oběhového hospodářství --- planul de acțiune privind economia circulară --- σχέδιο δράσης για την κυκλική οικονομία --- circular economy action plan --- kiertotaloutta koskeva toimintasuunnitelma --- пакет от мерки за кръговата икономика --- circular economy package --- actieplan voor de circulaire economie --- akční plán pro oběhové hospodářství --- kiertotalouspaketti --- plano de ação para a economia circular --- EU:s handlingsplan för den cirkulära ekonomin --- δέσμη μέτρων για την κυκλική οικονομία --- paket za kružno gospodarstvo --- akcijski načrt za krožno gospodarstvo --- pakiet dotyczący gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym --- план за действие за кръговата икономика --- žiedinės ekonomikos veiksmų planas --- pakke om cirkulær økonomi --- akčný plán týkajúci sa obehového hospodárstva --- oběhová ekonomika --- paketet om cirkulär ekonomi --- körkörös gazdaság --- geilleagar an tsreafa chiorclaigh --- pakket circulaire economie --- ringmajanduse pakett --- körforgásos gazdaságra vonatkozó csomag --- balík týkajúci sa obehového hospodárstva --- social behaviour --- social change --- social förändring --- társadalmi változás --- changement social --- sotsiaalne muutus --- друштвена промена --- socialiniai pokyčiai --- družbena sprememba --- bidla soċjali --- athrú sóisialta --- společenská změna --- društvena promjena --- cambiamento sociale --- cambio social --- sociale verandering --- schimbare socială --- przemiany społeczne --- ndryshim social --- sosiaalinen muutos --- sociálna zmena --- sozialer Wandel --- mudança social --- social forandring --- социална промяна --- општествена промена --- sociālās pārmaiņas --- κοινωνική αλλαγή --- socialinė reforma --- sociálna reforma --- společenská přeměna --- Veränderung der Sozialstruktur --- sociala växlingar --- sosiaalinen uudistus --- szociális reform --- társadalmi reform --- sociale omwenteling --- mudanza social --- reformă socială --- riforma sociale --- društvena reforma --- sociālā reforma --- socialreform --- reformë sociale --- sociale hervorming --- социјални промени --- mutamento sociale --- reforma social --- κοινωνική μετάλλαξη --- Sozialreform --- szociális változás --- réforme sociale --- κοινωνική μεταρρύθμιση --- sociální reforma --- mutation sociale --- social reform --- општествени реформи --- mutação social --- sotsiaalreform --- iompraíocht shóisialta --- κοινωνική συμπεριφορά --- zachowanie społeczne --- comportament social --- socialinis elgesys --- Sozialverhalten --- sociālā uzvedība --- општествено однесување --- társadalmi viselkedés --- социално поведение --- social adfærd --- comportement social --- sjellje sociale --- imġiba soċjali --- socialno vedenje --- socialt beteende --- sociálne správanie --- sosiaalinen käyttäytyminen --- sotsiaalne käitumine --- друштвено понашање --- comportamento sociale --- društveno ponašanje --- comportamiento social --- sociaal gedrag --- sociální chování --- comportamento social --- антисоцијално однесување --- социјално однесување --- társadalmi magatartás --- asociaal gedrag --- општествени норми на однесување --- Consumer protection --- Consommateurs --- Sustainable development --- Développement durable --- Economic policy --- Politique économique --- Law and legislation --- Protection --- Droit européen --- Circular economy. --- Economics.

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In het huidige tijdperk van digitale innovatie is de toenemende invloed van blockchain-technologie niet langer weg te denken. Eén van de recent ontwikkelde technologische vernieuwingen is de Initial Coin Offering (ICO), een innovatieve manier om financiële middelen aan te trekken via de uitgifte van crypto-assets. Tegenover deze voordelen staan echter aanzienlijke risico’s van de ICO-markt, zoals de informatie-asymmetrie tussen emittent en consument, de hoge volatiliteit van crypto-assets en de talloze oplichterijen. In deze masterproef wordt onderzocht in welke mate het Europees en Belgisch consumentenrecht (voldoende) bescherming biedt voor de consument bij het verkrijgen van crypto-assets uit een ICO, en hoe de huidige Europese en Belgische regulering geamendeerd zou kunnen worden om een antwoord te bieden op de potentiële risico’s. Er worden vier types crypto-assets onderscheiden: payment tokens, utility tokens, investment tokens en ten slotte hybride tokens. Omdat investment tokens kunnen worden aangemerkt als effecten en dus kwalificeren als financiële instrumenten, vallen zij onder het toepassingsgebied van zowel de Prospectusverordening, de Markt in Financiële Instrumenten Richtlijn (MiFID2) als de Verordening Marktmisbruik (MAR). Payment tokens en utility tokens kwalificeren niet als financiële instrumenten, maar worden expliciet geregeld door de Verordening betreffende Markten in Cryptoactiva (MiCAR), waardoor zij kunnen terugvallen op de waarborgen die deze Verordening biedt. Ondanks het feit dat alle voorgaande reguleringen transparantie verzekeren, bestaan er nog steeds hiaten in de ICO-regulering die rechtsonzekerheid in de hand werken. In dit onderzoek worden verschillende verbeteringen onderzocht die MiCAR kunnen helpen haar doel te bereiken, zoals het wijzigen en verduidelijken van definities, het invoeren van een onderscheid tussen de consument-investeerder en de professionele investeerder en het introduceren van een ex-ante toetsing van de white paper. Ook wordt aangeraden om een Proof of Reserve verplicht te stellen voor crypto-exchanges, investeerders te onderwerpen aan een voorafgaande kennistest om hun expertise in te schatten en om verder in te zetten op alternatieve beschermingstechnieken zoals legal hubs en regulatory sandboxes. Concluderend kan gesteld worden dat het huidige wetgevende kader niet toereikend is om de risico’s en uitdagingen die gepaard gaan met ICO’s adequaat aan te pakken. Het implementeren van voormelde beleidsaanbevelingen kan consumentenbescherming bij ICO’s echter versterken, zonder innovatie en groei binnen deze opkomende sector te beperken.

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Websites rushing you to make an online purchase because “there’s only a limited amount left!” or compelling you to click on a “no thanks, I want to miss out on great deals”- button when declining a newsletter signup have almost become the new normal. Deceptive design and deceptive phrasing play a significant role in how websites approach consumers. This thesis analyses to what extent the European legal instruments offer a sufficient level of consumer protection against these deceptive practices, which are also known as ‘dark patterns’. It uses legal certainty and comprehensiveness as evaluative criteria to assess this ‘sufficiency’ and analyses both consumer law and data protection law instruments to do so. It looks at the challenges that were presented to the EU’s institutions when trying to define ‘dark patterns’ and examines the changes brought by the Modernisation Directive to the consumer law acquis, as part of the New Deal for Consumers. Finally, this thesis assesses the specific situation of dark patterns found in cookie banners, considering the fact that these are the most common instances at which users fall victim to dark patterns.