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"Students in twelfth-century Paris held slanging matches, branding the English drunkards, the Germans madmen and the French as arrogant. On crusade, army recruits from different ethnic backgrounds taunted each other's military skills. Men producing ethnography in monasteries and at court drafted derogatory descriptions of peoples dwelling in territories under colonisation, questioning their work ethic, social organisation, religious devotion and humanness. Monks listed and ruminated on the alleged traits of Jews, Saracens, Greeks, Saxons and Britons and their acceptance or rejection of Christianity. In this radical new approach to representations of nationhood in medieval western Europe, the author argues that ethnic stereotypes were constructed and wielded rhetorically to justify property claims, flaunt military strength and assert moral and cultural ascendance over others. The gendered images of ethnicity in circulation reflect a negotiation over self-representations of discipline, rationality and strength, juxtaposed with the alleged chaos and weakness of racialised others. Interpreting nationhood through a religious lens, monks and schoolmen explained it as scientifically informed by environmental medicine, an ancient theory that held that location and climate influenced the physical and mental traits of peoples. Drawing on lists of ethnic character traits, school textbooks, medical treatises, proverbs, poetry and chronicles, this book shows that ethnic stereotypes served as rhetorical tools of power, crafting relationships within communities and towards others"

Médecine --- Ethnicité --- Moyen âge -- 476-1492 --- Europe

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Des fêtes estivales aux dessins animés japonais, des séries de fantasy aux manifestations de l’extrême-droite étatsunienne, le Moyen Âge est partout, sans cesse réinventé, transformé, mobilisé pour des usages variés. Il s’agit ici d’étudier cette présence du Moyen Âge dans notre imaginaire que l’on nomme le médiévalisme, en mobilisant de nouvelles méthodes d’analyse et en explorant de nouveaux terrains. Quels sont les rapports entre ces Moyen Âge fantasmés et le Moyen Âge historique étudié par les médiévistes ? Comment les spécialistes de la période médiévale doivent-ils se positionner face à des réinventions contemporaines ? Telles sont les deux principales questions de cet ouvrage tentant un état des lieux de la recherche médiévaliste ainsi qu’une réflexion globale, à la fois méthodologique et heuristique, sur ses défis, ses limites et ses enjeux.

Moyen âge -- 476-1492 --- Mythe --- Médiévalisme --- History --- Medieval & Renaissance Studies --- Moyen Âge --- médiévalisme --- médiéviste --- Edad Media --- Crítica e interpretación

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Le réchauffement climatique et la transition écologique ont placé la notion de "ressources" au centre de nos préoccupations. Or son histoire, plus ancienne qu'il n'y paraît, est une problématique majeure de la construction des sociétés. Dès le Moyen Âge, les Européens eurent le souci de nourrir les affamés, vêtir les indigents, loger les sans-abris, autant de besoins concrets auxquels tâchèrent de répondre l'Église et les pouvoirs politiques, en s'efforçant de construire un mode de vie durable. Explorant les liens tissés au cœur de la grande croissance médiévale entre besoin et développement, sobriété et consommation, Mathieu Arnoux souligne à la fois les réussites et les impasses d'un système économique construit presque exclusivement sur l'exploitation de ressources renouvelables, au risque de mettre en crise le régime féodal ; ce dont témoignent aussi bien une célèbre œuvre de fiction, le Roman de Renart, que les statuts de grandes communautés monastiques, comme l'ordre de Cîteaux. À l'heure où l'épuisement des ressources pose la question de la survie des modes contemporains de développement et d'existence, nous pouvons tirer profit des leçons, étonnamment modernes et ingénieuses, du Moyen Âge chrétien.

Natural resources --- History --- Management --- Europe --- Economic conditions --- National resources --- Resources, Natural --- Resource-based communities --- Resource curse --- Economic aspects --- Besoins fondamentaux --- Gestion des ressources naturelles --- Management. --- Moyen âge -- 476-1492 --- Développement durable --- 338 <09> --- 940.17 <093> --- 338 <09> Economische geschiedenis --- Economische geschiedenis --- 940.17 <093> Geschiedenis van Europa:--1096-1492--Historische bronnen --- Geschiedenis van Europa:--1096-1492--Historische bronnen

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The petitions received and the letters sent by the Papal Chancery during the Late Middle Ages attest to the recognition of disability at the highest levels of the medieval Church. These documents acknowledge the existence of physical and/or mental impairments, with the papacy issuing dispensations allowing some supplicants to adapt their clerical missions according to their abilities. A disease, impairment, or old age could prevent both secular and regular clerics from fulfilling the duties of their divine office. Such conditions can, thus, be understood as forms of disability. In these cases, the Papal Chancery bore the responsibility for determining if disabled people were suitable to serve as clerics, with all the rights and duties of divine services. Whilst some petitioners were allowed to enter the clergy, or - in the case of currently serving churchmen - to stay more or less active in their work, others were compelled to resign their position and leave the clergy entirely. Petitions and papal letters lie at intersection of authorized, institutional policy and practical sources chronicling the lived experiences of disabled people in the Middle Ages. As such, they constitute an excellent analytical laboratory in which to study medieval disability in its relation to the papacy as an institution, alongside the impact of official ecclesiastical judgments on disabled lives.

Disabilities --- Handicap --- Clergy with disabilities --- Clergé --- Church history --- Église --- Clergy --- Religious aspects --- Christianity. --- Aspect religieux --- Chrétienté. --- Handicapés. --- History --- Handicapé --- Religion --- Église catholique --- Documents pontificaux --- Moyen âge -- 476-1492 --- Christianity --- Disability, Clergy, Papacy, Papal Chancery, Work, Christianity. --- People with disabilities --- Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Clergy with disabilities. --- Catholic Church --- History.