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This 2022 Article IV Consultation highlights that prudent macroeconomic policies, substantial pre-crisis buffers and official external financial assistance helped Nicaragua’s economy rebound from a protracted contraction during 2018–2020, caused by the socio-political crisis of 2018, two major hurricanes in 2020, and the pandemic. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is expected to moderate to 3 percent in 2023, due mainly to the global slowdown. Inflation—which reached 11.4 percent in November 2022, primarily due to import price increases—is projected to decline in 2023 in line with lower growth and an expected significant decline in global inflation. In the medium term, real GDP is expected to grow by about 3 1/2 percent, below the pre-crisis historical average, as credit to the private sector and private investment cautiously recover. The favorable outlook is subject to uncertainty and risks on the downside, primarily due to external developments, natural disasters, or deterioration in the business climate and stricter international sanctions.

Nicaragua

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Nicaragua Must Survive tells the story of the Sandinistas' innovative diplomatic campaign, which captured the imaginations of people around the globe and transformed Nicaraguan history at the tail end of the Cold War. The Sandinistas' diplomacy went far beyond elite politics, as thousands of musicians, politicians, teachers, activists, priests, feminists, and journalists flocked to the country to experience the revolution firsthand. Drawing on extensive archival research and interviews, Eline van Ommen reveals the role that Western Europe played in Nicaragua's revolutionary diplomacy. Blending grassroots organizing and formal foreign policy, pragmatic guerrillas, creative diplomats, and ambitious activists from Europe and the Americas were able to create an international environment in which the Sandinista Revolution could survive despite the odds. Nicaragua Must Survive argues that this diplomacy was remarkably effective, propelling Nicaragua into the global limelight and allowing the revolutionaries to successfully challenge the United States' role in Central America.

Nicaragua --- Foreign relations --- History

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"To Defend this Sunrise examines how black women on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua engage in regional, national, and transnational modes of activism to remap the nation's racial order under conditions of increasing economic precarity and autocracy. The book considers how, since the 19th century, black women activists have resisted historical and contemporary patterns of racialized state violence, economic exclusion, territorial dispossession, and political repression. Specifically, it explores how the new Sandinista state under Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo has utilized multicultural rhetoric as a mode of political, economic, and territorial dispossession. In the face of the Sandinista state's co-optation of multicultural discourse and growing authoritarianism, black communities have had to recalibrate their activist strategies and modes of critique to resist these new forms of "multicultural dispossession." This concept describes the ways that state actors and institutions drain multiculturalism of its radical, transformative potential by espousing the rhetoric of democratic recognition while simultaneously supporting illiberal practices and policies that undermine black political demands and weaken the legal frameworks that provide the basis for the claims of these activists against the state"--

Women, Black --- Politics and government. --- Multiculturalism. --- Indigenous peoples --- Civil rights. --- Black people --- Autochtones --- Multiculturalisme --- Multiculturalism --- Civil rights --- Political activity. --- Politique et gouvernement. --- Political activity --- Nicaragua --- Nicaragua. --- Politics and government --- Black women --- Women, Negro --- Cultural diversity policy --- Cultural pluralism --- Cultural pluralism policy --- Ethnic diversity policy --- Social policy --- Anti-racism --- Ethnicity --- Cultural fusion --- Black persons --- Blacks --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Basic rights --- Civil liberties --- Constitutional rights --- Fundamental rights --- Rights, Civil --- Constitutional law --- Human rights --- Political persecution --- Adivasis --- Pluralism (Social sciences) --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Nikaragoua --- Nikaragua --- Republic of Nicaragua --- República de Nicaragua --- black activism, feminist activism, Nicaragua, Nicaraguan culture, South American activism, neoliberalism, grassroots activism, Sandinista, political repression, economic struggle, economic downfall, Daniel Ortega, Rosario Murillo, multicultural rhetoric, activist strategies, authoritarianism, democratic recognition, black politics, racism, racially motivated oppression, state violence, multicultural nationalism, nationalism, Obeah women, black suffering, Mestizo victimhood, sexual violence against women, female oppression.

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This paper studies the drivers of the labor market performance in Nicaragua with a particular focus on informality, to identify vulnerable groups during economic downturns; and estimates the speed of adjustment of employment to shocks. The paper compares this experience with the ones in other CAPDR countries (Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama). Our findings are that while the high countercyclical informality in Nicaragua has been the active margin of adjustment during economic downturns mitigating unemployment, the trade-off has been a lower speed of adjustment to shocks hampering the country’s ability to revert to its potential. Policy recommendations relate to mitigating the impact of downturns on employment in Nicaragua, easing adjustments and inequalities in the labor market to hasten the employment recovery and thus, support growth.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Business Fluctuations --- Cycles --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic growth --- Financial crises --- Economic sectors --- Labor markets --- Labor force participation --- Unemployment rate --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- Recessions --- Nicaragua

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"Who are the Black heroines of Latin America and the Caribbean? Where do we turn for models of transcendence among women of African ancestry in the region? In answer to the historical dearth of such exemplars, Mayaya Rising explores and celebrates the work of writers who intentionally center powerful female cultural archetypes. In this inventive analysis, Duke proposes three case studies and a corresponding womanist methodology through which to study and rediscover these figures. The musical Cuban-Dominican sisters and former slaves Teodora and Micaela Gines inspired Aida Cartagena Portalatin's epic poem Yania tierra; the Nicaraguan matriarch of the May Pole, "Miss Lizzie," figures prominently in four anthologies from the country's Bluefields region; and the iconic palenqueras of Cartagena, Colombia are magnified in the work of poets María Teresa Ramírez Neiva and Mirian Díaz Perez. In elevating these figures and foregrounding these works, Duke restores and repairs the scholarly record"--

Women, Black, in literature. --- Latin American literature --- Women authors --- History and criticism. --- Black authors --- Latin America --- Caribbean Area --- Civilization --- African influences. --- Cuban music, Black poets in the Spanish-speaking Americas, Escrevivência, son cubano, Palenquera, Palenque de San Basilio, Benkos Bioho, Negritude, Afro-Hispanic literatura, Black historical experience, kuagros, Lumbalú, Catalina Loango, Afro-Cuban, Teodora and Micaela Ginés, Elizabeth Forbes Brooks, Miss Lizzie, Afro-Latin American women writers, Black women writers in Latin America, Afro-Latino Literature and Culture, Mayaya, May Pole, palo de mayo, Bluefields, Nicaragua, Son de la Ma Teodora, Afro-Colombian, Afro-Cuban women, Afro-descendant, Afro-Dominican, Afro-Latin American women, Afro-Latina, Afronegrismo, Afro-Nicaraguan, Aida Cartagena Portalatín, Caribbean, Conceição Evaristo, Creole, Cuba, Débora Almeida, Dominican Republic, el son Cubano, feminist, Georgina Herrera, griot, Latin America, Mel Adun, memory, Miriam Alves, Mujerismo, Mulherismo, Orishas, Oshun, Portuguese, rodas de poesia, Rubiera Castillo, Santos Febres, Spanish, Spanish Caribbean, womanist, Yalodés, Yania tierra, Yemayá.