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Ninety years after the discovery of human influenza virus, Modern Flu traces the history of this breakthrough and its implications for understanding and controlling influenza ever since. Examining how influenza came to be defined as a viral disease in the first half of the twentieth century, it argues that influenza’s viral identity did not suddenly appear with the discovery of the first human influenza virus in 1933. Instead, it was rooted in the development of medical virus research and virological ways of knowing that grew out of a half-century of changes and innovations in medical science that were shaped through two influenza pandemics, two world wars, and by state-sponsored programs to scientifically modernise British medicine. A series of transformations, in which virological ideas and practices were aligned with and incorporated into medicine and public health, underpinned the viralisation of influenza in the 1930s and 1940s. Collaboration, conflict and exchange between researchers, medical professionals and governmental bodies lay at the heart of this process. This book is a history of how virus researchers, clinicians, and epidemiologists, medical scientific and public health bodies, and institutions, and philanthropies in Britain, the USA and beyond, forged a new medical consensus on the identity and nature of influenza. Shedding new light on the modern history of influenza, this book is a timely account of how ways of knowing and controlling this intractable epidemic disease became viral. Michael Bresalier is Lecturer in the History of Medicine and co-director of the Medical Humanities Research Centre at Swansea University, in the UK.

History, Modern. --- Modern History.

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The text discusses the unfolding of identities, especially in European society, in dialogue with the analysis of Saramago's blindness and the idea of mass-man in Ortega y Gasset. The objective is to rethink the transits and unraveling of humanization processes that transcend the European Union project and the speeches of David Maria Sassoli, as president of the European Parliament.

Civilization, Modern --- Aesthetics, Modern

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Anthony Kenny tells the story of the development of philosophy from the early 19th to the late 20th century. He introduces the ideas of such extraordinary thinkers as Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Marx, Freud, Heidegger and Sartre.

Philosophy, Modern

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Between 1870 and 1890, Europe changed significantly: nation-states consolidated as global entanglements grew. Scientific innovations were both fascinating and frightening. Economic dynamics led to new forms of social inequality. The political mass market improved participation but also increased exclusion and oppression. This volume provides an introduction to research debates and contains an extensive bibliography. Zwischen 1870 und 1890 veränderte sich Europa signifikant: Nationalstaaten festigten sich parallel zu wachsenden globalen Verflechtungen. Wissenschaftliche Innovationen faszinierten und ängstigten zugleich. Wirtschaftliche Dynamik führte zu neuen Formen sozialer Ungleichheit. Der politische Massenmarkt brachte Partizipation, aber auch Ausgrenzung und Unterdrückung. Die Ambivalenzen der Hochmoderne nahmen unverkennbare Konturen an. Der Band führt in die Forschungsdebatten ein und enthält eine ausführliche Bibliografie.

Civilization, Modern.

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Der polnische Königshof in der Zeit Sigismunds III. Wasa war eine wichtige Plattform europäischen Informationsaustauschs, dynastischer Netzwerke und der Koordination konfessionell geprägter Politik. Am Hof fielen auch in Polen-Litauen die Verwaltung des herrscherlichen Haushaltes und damit auch dynastischer Interessen sowie Teile der Verwaltung des Herrschaftsverbandes zusammen. Im Spannungsfeld zwischen den politischen Ansprüchen der Ständeversammlung des Sejms und den Interessen des Monarchen entspann sich in Hinblick auf die Außenbeziehungen damit ein Handlungsfeld, dessen Analyse einen Blick auf das Funktionieren europäischer Verflechtungen ermöglicht und zugleich zeigt, welche Handlungsoptionen dem Monarchen und dessen Umgebung im Rahmen der polnisch-litauischen Mischverfassung zukamen.

History, Modern.