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There is an uncomfortably large gulf between academic research and what policy economists use to understand the economy. A Practical Guide to Macroeconomics shows how economists at policy institutions approach important real-world questions and explains why existing academic work - theoretical and empirical - has little to offer them. It argues that this disconnect between theory and practice is problematic for policymaking and the economics profession and looks at what's needed to make academic research more relevant for policy. The book also covers topics related to economic measurement and provides a compact overview of US macroeconomic statistics that will help researchers use these data in a better-informed way.

Macroeconomics.

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"The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted both natural and juristic persons worldwide, resulting in the loss of lives and livelihoods. This unprecedented crisis has also brought attention to the importance of human rights and has changed how they are understood. The debate surrounding human rights has long been contentious, with varying perspectives on what constitutes a fundamental right and how best to protect it. However, the pandemic has highlighted the need to balance human rights with public health concerns. One of the most significant human rights issues highlighted by the pandemic is the right to health. The pandemic has exposed inequalities in healthcare systems worldwide, with some countries struggling to provide (adequate) medical care. As a result, there is a growing debate on ensuring everyone has access to healthcare, particularly during a pandemic. The right to work also emerged as another human rights issue during the pandemic. The lockdowns and business restrictions have resulted in job losses and financial difficulties for many individuals and families. This has sparked a debate on the role of governments in protecting the right to work and ensuring that individuals have a source of income during a crisis. This is especially crucial in developing countries with high unemployment and informal economic activities. The pandemic has also emphasized the importance of the right to information. Governments worldwide have had to communicate critical information on the virus to their citizens, raising questions about the role of the media and the right to access information. Social media platforms have also played a crucial role in disseminating information about the virus, raising essential questions about censorship and the need to balance freedom of expression with public health concerns. Furthermore, the pandemic has highlighted the digital divide that exists in many countries, particularly in the global south. This has impacted the ability of those in underserved communities to receive reliable pandemic-related information in a timely manner. It is crucial to note the need to bridge the gap between human rights and the economy. Establishing a cohesive relationship between human rights and the economy is essential to creating a fair and just society. By harmonizing legal and economic structures with human rights, we can generate more opportunities for success while ensuring greater resilience and the ability to cope with future pandemics. Recognizing the significance of this matter and striving towards solutions is crucial to creating a sustainable, fair, and brighter future for all. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed critical human rights issues that will continue to shape the debate on human rights. It has demonstrated the need to balance different rights and interests, including the right to health, work, and information, with public health concerns. It is essential to ensure that human rights are not disregarded in times of crisis and that governments take a rights-based approach to policymaking to protect everyone's rights"--

Macroeconomics.

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"Central banks and other policymaking institutions use causal hypotheses to justify macroeconomic policy decisions to the public and public institutions. These hypotheses say that changes in one macroeconomic aggregate (e.g. aggregate demand) cause changes in other macroeconomic aggregates (e.g. in inflation). An important (perhaps the most important) goal of macroeconomists is to provide conclusive evidence in support of these hypotheses. If they cannot provide any conclusive evidence, then policymaking institutions will be unable to use causal hypotheses to justify policy decisions, and then the scientific objectivity of macroeconomic policy analysis will be questionable. The book analyzes the accounts of causality that have been or can be proposed to capture the type of causality that underlies macroeconomic policy analysis, the empirical methods of causal inference that contemporary macroeconomists have at their disposal, and the conceptions of scientific objectivity that traditionally play a role in economics. The book argues that contemporary macroeconomists cannot provide any conclusive evidence in support of causal hypotheses, and that macroeconomic policy analysis doesn't qualify as scientifically objective in any of the traditional meanings. The book also considers a number of steps that might have to be taken in order for macroeconomic policy analysis to become more objective. The book addresses philosophers of science and economics as well as (macro-) economists, econometricians and statisticians who are interested in causality and macro-econometric methods of causal inference and their wider philosophical and social context"--

Macroeconomics. --- Causation. --- Objectivity. --- Economics --- Mathematical models.

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Decarbonisation is the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions using low carbon power sources, lowering output of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. This is essential to meet global temperature standards set by international climate agreements. To limit global warming to 1.5°C, hence avoiding the worst-case scenarios predicted by climate science, the world economy must rapidly reduce its emissions and reach climate neutrality within the next three decades. This will not be an easy journey. Shifting away from carbon-intensive production will require a historic transformation of the structure of our economies. Written by a team of academics linked to the European think tank Bruegel, The Macroeconomics of Decarbonisation provides a guide to the macroeconomic fundamentals of decarbonisation. It identifies the major economic transformations, both over the long- and short-run, and the roadblocks requiring policy intervention. It proposes a macroeconomic policy agenda for decarbonisation to achieve the climate goals of the international community.

Carbon dioxide mitigation --- Carbon offsetting --- Environmental policy --- Environmental economics. --- Macroeconomics. --- Economic aspects.

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An economist examines three modern forces that have redefined what "money" means, who controls it, and what the future of finance might look like.   Money is increasingly cheap, digital, and mobile. In Money in the Twenty-First Century, economist Richard Holden examines the virtues and risks of low interest rates, mobile money, and cryptocurrencies, and explains how these three elemental forces will continue to play out--in our wallets, on the blockchain, and throughout major economies--in the decades to come.   Holden weaves in the stories of three people who have exerted massive influence over the future of modern money: US treasury secretary Janet Yellen, Ethereum cofounder Vitalik Buterin, and Raghuram Rajan, former governor of the Reserve Bank of India and chief economist at the International Monetary Fund. Moving from micro to macro, Holden investigates the infrastructure that permits digital transactions, the currencies that underpin them, the race for control of those currencies, shifts in policy and the international monetary system, and the impact on our politics of money in the digital age. Ultimately, Money in the Twenty-First Century asks if governments can keep these three tectonic powers of low interest rates, mobile money, and decentralized finance under control.

Money --- Digital currency. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / General --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic Conditions --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic History --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Macroeconomics --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Public Policy / Economic Policy --- Economics.