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Alkoholförsäljning --- Folkhälsopolitik. --- Livsmedelsindustri --- Medical policy. --- Tobak --- Juridik och lagstiftning. --- Juridik och lagstiftning. --- Juridik och lagstiftning. --- EU-länderna.
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Årsredovisningar --- miljöaspekter --- juridik och lagstiftning
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This book offers a systematic study of the interpretation of investment-related treaties - primarily bilateral investment treaties, the Energy Charter Treaty, Chapter XI NAFTA as well as relevant parts of Free Trade Agreements.The importance of interpretation in international law cannot be overstated and foreign investment law is no exception. Indeed, most treaty claims adjudicated before investment arbitral tribunals have raised and continue to raise crucial and often complex issues of interpretation.The interpretation of investment treaties is governed by the relevant rules of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), which reflect customary international law. The disputes related to these treaties, however, are very peculiar as they oppose a multinational company (or a natural person) to a sovereign government.The parties to the treaty and those to the dispute, therefore, do not coincide. This calls for a balanced interpretation that takes into account both the prerogatives of the sovereign State and the legally protected interests of the foreign investor.Fundamental questions dealt with in the study include the following: are investment treaties a special category of treaties for the purpose of interpretation? How have the rules on interpretation contained in the VCLT been applied in investment disputes? What are the main problems encountered in investment-related disputes and are these problems peculiar to this type of dispute?To what extent are the VCLT rules suited to the interpretation of investment treaties? Have investment tribunals developed new techniques concerning treaty interpretation? Are these techniques consistent with the VCLT? How can the problems related to interpretation be solved or minimised? How creative have arbitral tribunals been in interpreting investment treaties? Are States capable of keeping effective control over interpretation?The book takes a practical and problem-solving approach firmly based on arbitral awards and State practice and follows, to a large extent, the structure of the articles on treaty interpretation contained in the VCLT.
Skiljedom. --- Utlandsinvesteringar --- Handelsavtal. --- Arbitration and award. --- Commercial treaties. --- juridik och lagstiftning. --- Juridik och lagstiftning.
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Människohandel --- Slaveri --- Mänskliga rättigheter. --- Internationell straffrätt. --- International criminal law. --- Human rights. --- Juridik och lagstiftning. --- Juridik och lagstiftning.
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Gebärdensprache. --- Mitgliedsstaaten. --- Recht. --- Teckenspråk --- Döva personer --- Juridik och lagstiftning. --- Europeiska unionen. --- Europäische Union. --- EU-länderna.
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What influence have the OSCE, Council of Europe, EU and Russia had on policy and legislative adaptation in Estonia and Ukraine since 1991? Stateness is congruence between the territorial definition and the right of citizenship in the state. Surprisingly, it is a much-neglected concept in the state-building and democratisation literature. To address this gap, the concept of stateness is expanded upon and used in this work to answer the above question. This is done by means of analysis of policy areas operationalising stateness. By analysing the impact of the international actors cited above as the causal factor in the consolidation of stateness, conclusions are drawn as to the manner of influence of their policy demands and expectations on domestic policy and legislative adaptation in Estonia and Ukraine since 1991. The theoretical and conceptual contribution to state-building in comparative European politics is thus developed further by this work. Moreover, the empirical contribution provides an applicable operationalisation of the concept through respective policy areas. Olena Podolian is a political scientist. This study is her dissertation, completed at the Department of Political Science, and in connection with the Baltic and East European Graduate School (BEEGS), at Södertörn University, Sweden.
Democratization. --- Demokratisering. --- Lagstiftning. --- Legislation. --- Politik. --- Post-communism. --- Postkommunism. --- State, The. --- Staten. --- Estland. --- Ukraina.
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